1. “These are ready now”, and so saying, d’Urberville picked one and held it to her mouth.
【解析】so saying是現在分詞短語做伴隨狀況狀語。
這個現在分詞短語采用了倒裝結構,so+非謂語動詞(saying)。
2. She did not know as she smiled innocently at the flowers that behind the cigarette smoke was the cause of future sorrow in her life.
【解析】這是一個含有時間狀語從句的復合句,主句是:She did not know that behind the cigarette smoke was the cause of future sorrow in her life;時間狀語從句是:as she smiled innocently at the flowers。
在主句中又含有賓語從句:that behind the cigarette smoke was the cause of future sorrow in her life。
賓語從句采用了倒裝形式。是把介詞短語behind the cigarette放于句首,然后接謂語was,在接主語the cause of future sorrow in her life。這個倒裝結構是:介詞短語+系動詞+主語。
此外,future是修飾cause,in her life是修飾sorrow。
由于賓語從句長于時間狀語從句,就把時間狀語從句前置于主句中的謂語動詞“know”后,因為這個從句就是起著副詞的作用,修飾謂語動詞的。