三、翻譯中的宏觀設(shè)計

    鑒于英語和漢語在思維邏輯和語言結(jié)構(gòu)上有很大的差異，在進(jìn)行英漢對譯的時侯，必須首先考慮從宏觀上進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計，然后再在句子層次上使用各種技巧進(jìn)行微觀處理。

    宏觀設(shè)計時，對于本源語的思維邏輯應(yīng)保留其粗線條以保持其源文的風(fēng)格（符合“忠實”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)），修改其細(xì)的支線條使符合目的語的思維邏輯以達(dá)到目的語通順流暢（符合“通順”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）的目的。
    所謂宏觀設(shè)計，其范圍當(dāng)然是所翻譯材料的獨立整體，指全書，整篇文章，至少是整個段落。現(xiàn)舉例說明，由于受篇幅的限制，僅選段落為例。

    I、英譯漢的例子

    Americans have a warmth and friendliness which is less superficial than many foreigners think. They are considered sentimental. When on ceremonial occasions they see a flag, or attend parades celebrating America's glorious past, tears may come to their eyes. Reunions with family and friends tend to be emotional, too. They like to dress correctly, even if "correctly" means flamboyantly. They love to boast, though often with tongue in cheek. They can laugh at themselves and their country, and they can be very self-critical, while remaining always intensely patriotic. They have a wide knowledge of everyday things, and a keen interest in their particular city and state. Foreigners sometimes complain, however, that they have little interest in or knowledge of the outside world. （選自英語高級口譯資格證書考試《翻譯教程》）

    譯文：美國人熱情友好，這感情并非象許多外國人認(rèn)為的那樣淺薄。美國人被認(rèn)為多情善感。當(dāng)他們舉行儀式見到國旗，或者緬懷光榮的往昔舉行游行的時侯，總是熱淚盈眶。家庭團(tuán)聚，朋友相會也總是很動感情。美國人講究衣著“得體”，甚至“得體”意味著奢華。美國人好說大話，雖然常常前說后忘。美國人可能會嘲笑自己，嘲笑自己的國家，嚴(yán)厲地自我批評，但始終保持強(qiáng)烈的愛國熱情。美國人有廣泛的日常知識，對他們所在的城市和所在的州甚為關(guān)注。不過，外國人有時說，他們對外面的世界不大感興趣，或者說知之甚少。

    分析：原文中第一次提到美國人用American一詞， 以后全部用代詞they。在這段文章里作者講了美國人熱情友好，多情善感，講究衣著，好說大話，有愛國熱情以及有廣泛的日常知識六個方面的性格表現(xiàn)。其中兩個方面，即多情善感以及有廣泛的日常知識，在中間另有展開說明
    譯成中文時用了六個“美國人”來講那六個大的方面的情況，對兩個說明性部分仍用代詞“他們”。這樣就更符合漢語的思維邏輯和表達(dá)習(xí)慣。

    II、漢譯英的例子

    東方明珠廣博電視塔位于黃浦江畔、浦東陸家嘴嘴尖上，塔高468米，三面環(huán)水，與外灘的萬國建筑博覽群隔江相望，是亞洲第一、世界第三的高塔。設(shè)計者富于幻想地將11個大小不一、高底錯落的球體從蔚蘭的空中串聯(lián)至如茵的綠色草地上，而兩顆紅寶石般晶瑩奪目的巨大球體被高高托起，整個畫面渾然一體，充滿了“大珠小珠落玉盤”的詩情畫意。  （選自英語高級口譯資格證書考試《翻譯教程》）

    譯文：The Huangpu River twists sharply to form a duck-beak-shaped area called Lujiazui on its east. At the point of the beak stands abruptly the radio and television tower ---Oriental Pearl, which, with its height of 468 meters, is the highest tower in Asia and the third highest in the world. It is surrounded on three sides by the waters of the River, and looks onto the row of buildings in multinational styles of architecture along the Bund on the other side of the River. In the designer's fanciful imagination, eleven spheres are arranged in a line and hung from the blue sky down to a carpet of green lawns like a string of pearls, with two colossal splashy ruby-like spheres held high on it. The entire tower is harmonious in architecture and presents a picture which arouses the poetic and artistic imagination of "large and small jewels falling onto an enormous jade plate."

    分析：原文兩句。第一句寫明珠塔的地理位置與外

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