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【Looking at the 'Dark Side' of Creativity】
TEXT:This is the VOA Special English Health Report.
這里是美國(guó)之音慢速英語健康報(bào)道。
Not all cheaters are creative. But apparently enough creative people cheat to interest researchers like Francesca Gino. Professor Gino is a behavioral economist at the Harvard Business School in Massachusetts. Behavioral economists use ideas from psychology to study how people make economic choices.
并非所有的騙子都有創(chuàng)意。但很顯然，他們的創(chuàng)意已經(jīng)足夠引起像Francesca Gino這樣的研究人員的興趣。Gino教授是馬薩諸塞州哈佛商學(xué)院的行為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家。行為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家使用心理學(xué)觀點(diǎn)研究人們?nèi)绾巫龀鼋?jīng)濟(jì)選擇。
FRANCESCA GINO: "Interestingly, there are actually a lot of examples in the literature, novels, movies, comic books about this idea of the evil genius, but really no empirical evidence for this relationship."
FRANCESCA GINO：“有趣的是，其實(shí)有很多像文學(xué)、小說、電影、漫畫中這一類邪惡天才的例子，但確實(shí)沒有證據(jù)可以證明這種關(guān)系。”
BATMAN (ADAM WEST): "He's terrorized Gotham City, he's baffled the police department and he's held us up to public ridicule."
蝙蝠俠(ADAM WEST)：“他讓Gotham城人心惶惶，讓警察受挫，也讓我們?cè)馐芄姵靶?span style="display:none">9djaV(JcoCgMC[jR(Yx。”
Fans of old TV shows might recognize Batman and Robin, struggling to catch one of those evil geniuses -- the Joker.
老電視迷可能知道蝙蝠俠和羅賓，他們是奮力追捕邪惡天才之一的“小丑”。
BATMAN: "Gloating on his own success, he may be planning some super crime and stumble on his own pride."
蝙蝠俠：“他對(duì)自己的成功得意洋洋，他可能正策劃一些超級(jí)犯罪，并被自己的驕傲所絆倒。”
ROBIN (BURT WARD): "And how do we go about stopping him?"
羅賓：“我們?nèi)绾稳プ柚顾俊?/span>
BATMAN: "Just go about our normal routine and let the venomous viper trap himself."
蝙蝠俠：“我們照常行事，讓他自投羅網(wǎng)。”
ROBIN: "And when he does."
羅賓：“那他什么時(shí)候會(huì)來呢？”
BATMAN: "Snap!"
蝙蝠俠：“撞擊聲！”
ROBIN: "Caught in a bat trap!"
羅賓：“抓住了！”
BATMAN: "Right."
蝙蝠俠：“對(duì)。”
Professor Gino was less interested in catching cheaters than understanding them. She tested volunteers to see how creative they were. Then she tested them in situations involving small amounts of money, where they could earn extra by cheating.
Gino教授更剛興趣的是去了解他們，而不是抓住他們。她對(duì)志愿者進(jìn)行測(cè)試，看他們創(chuàng)意怎么樣。然后她在涉及少量金錢的狀況下對(duì)他們進(jìn)行測(cè)試，而他們通過欺騙贏得更多錢。
For example, they took a test and had to copy their answers onto another paper. But on that other paper the correct answers were already lightly marked, supposedly by mistake. The test-takers knew they would earn more for correct answers. They were led to believe they could cheat without getting caught.
例如，他們采取了一項(xiàng)測(cè)試，必須將他們的答案復(fù)制到另一張紙上。但在這另一張紙上，假裝工作失誤，答案已經(jīng)被輕微的標(biāo)記出來了。被測(cè)試者知道正確答案可以賺得得更多錢，并被引導(dǎo)他們相信自己可以作弊而不被抓到。
The results showed that the more creative people were more likely to cheat. By comparison, people who were more intelligent but less creative were not more likely to cheat. Professor Gino says creative people are better at creating excuses to justify their actions to themselves.
結(jié)果表明，更富創(chuàng)意的人更可能作弊。相比之下，更聰明但缺乏創(chuàng)意的人更不可能作弊。Gino教授稱，富有創(chuàng)意的人更善于編造借口為自己的行為做自我辯護(hù)。
FRANCESCA GINO: "What we find is that that creativity leads people to be more morally flexible, so they are much more able to come up with justification for the behavior that they're about to engage in and as a result, they are more likely to cheat."
FRANCESCA GINO：“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，創(chuàng)造力引導(dǎo)人們?cè)诘懒x上更為靈活，所以他們更能夠?yàn)樽约簻?zhǔn)備進(jìn)行的行為進(jìn)行辯解，因此，他們更可能會(huì)作弊。”
She says workplaces that value creativity also create openings for that moral flexibility. Original thinkers may be less likely to follow all the rules.
她說，看重創(chuàng)造力的工作場(chǎng)所也為這種道義上的靈活性制造了空間。有創(chuàng)造力的思想者是不太可能遵循所有規(guī)則的。”
FRANCESCA GINO: "We think that creativity really helps people resolve this conflict between something that is more longer term --which is the idea of being good and moral -- and then something that is more short term, and is the idea of advancing your own self-interest. And that does not necessarily mean getting money out of cheating, but it could also be getting other types of pleasures or utilities."
FRANCESCA GINO：“我們認(rèn)為，創(chuàng)造力確實(shí)可以幫助人們解決長(zhǎng)期上的良好品德和短期上爭(zhēng)取自己利益兩者之間的沖突。而且這并不僅僅是指通過行騙獲得金錢，還包括獲得其它類型的享受或功利。”
The study shows the "dark side" of creativity, she says.
她說，研究展現(xiàn)出了創(chuàng)造力的“陰暗面。”
FRANCESCA GINO: "So it's not that we are trying to say that people shouldn't be creative, we are trying to say that they should be creative but they should be thinking about the fact that their creativity can be used for the wrong reasons."
FRANCESCA GINO：“因此，我們并不是想說人們不應(yīng)該有創(chuàng)意，我們想說的是，他們應(yīng)該富有創(chuàng)意，但他們應(yīng)該思考這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，那就是他們的創(chuàng)意有可能被用于錯(cuò)誤的事情之上。”
Her research with Dan Ariely at Duke University appears in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
她與杜克大學(xué)的Dan Ariely的研究發(fā)表在個(gè)性與社會(huì)心理學(xué)雜志上。
