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Using the examples from the lecture, explain two developments that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand.
請用課堂上的案例解釋有助于古羅馬城市擴張的兩項發明。
Listen to part of a lecture in a history class.
請聽歷史課上的部分內容。
So, most cities of the ancient world tended to be small, often limited to the banks of a river.
古代的大多數城市往往規模都比較小，通常都會受到河岸的限制。
They had very little means to expand.
擴張的手段非常少。
These old cities couldn't really cross natural barriers like rivers or be located very far from water sources.
這些古代的城市無法真正跨越像河流這樣的自然屏障，也無法遠離水源而立。
But Roman cities, on the other hand, grew much larger.
但是另一方面，羅馬城市的規模卻發展得很大。
How did this happen? Well, for one thing, the Romans had more advanced technology.
這是如何做到的呢？首先，羅馬人技術更先進。
Let's look at a couple ?of Roman developments that allowed its cities to expand.
讓我們來看看有助于羅馬城市擴張的幾項發明吧。
One development that'll allow Roman cities to grow was their advanced building materials.
一項就是他們先進的建筑材料。
The Romans developed a special kind of concrete, a building material that would harden under water.
羅馬人發明了一種特殊的混凝土，這種建筑材料在水下會硬化。
And this concrete made new kinds of structures possible.
這種混凝土使得新的建筑類型變為可能。
Take their bridges for example. Because of this special concrete, they could build better bridges,
就以他們的橋梁為例吧。多虧了這種特殊的混凝土，羅馬人能夠建造出更好的橋梁，
bridges that could go across wide rivers, bridges that were big enough to transport equipment and materials with wagons and carts.
這些橋梁能夠跨越很寬的河面，橋面也有足夠的空間通行運著設備和材料的車輛。
So with these strong bridges, Roman cities could grow on both sides of the river,
借助著這些堅固的橋梁，羅馬的城市可以在河的兩岸都進行擴張，
creating larger cities than would have been possible otherwise.
建立原本不可能出現的大城市。
Another development that helped Roman cities expand was an improved way to move fresh clean water.
有助于羅馬城市擴張的另一項發明就是改良的運送新鮮凈水的方法。
People need access to fresh water and the Romans created an especially effective way to bring it to them.
人們需要獲取新鮮干凈的水源，而羅馬人開發出了一種尤其有效的方法把水送到人們面前。
They built structures called aqueducts.
他們建造了一種稱為高架渠的物體。
Now, aqueducts are series of open channels, waterways that stretch from water sources high in the mountains to cities.
高架渠是由一系列戶外的渠道組成的，這些水渠從高山上的水源一路延伸至城中。
They were carefully planned and built so the steady drop in altitude provides the steady flow of water to cities.
這些水渠的安置和建造非常謹慎，所以高處穩定的水源為城市提供了穩定的用水。
These aqueducts could move tremendous amount of water over great distances and even bring fresh water to places far from rivers.
這些水渠能夠遠距離地運輸大量水源，甚至還能給遠離河流的地方帶來新鮮的凈水。
Because of this, people could have clean water for drinking and bathing without being located near a river.
多虧了這些水渠，人們才能在不必非得定居在河流附近的情況下，也有可以飲用和洗漱的凈水。
So cities were able to grow larger in new locations.
因此，城市才能在新的地點不斷擴張。
