習語(idiom)是作為一個單位使用, 意義不能從其獨立的組成部分得出的一種表達法。習語和固定表達(fixed expression)是不能隨意改動的,其語序和語法結構不能隨意改變,更不能增減或替換其中的詞匯。除非說話人或作者開玩笑或故意玩文字游戲,如: There was too much buck passing.(正常的習語是pass the buck=推諉責任),否則在使用時習語通常不能進行如下幾種情況的改動:
改變詞序: fight tooth and nail(拼命廝打)→
fight nail and tooth
刪詞: spill the beans(有意或無意泄露機密)→
spill beans
增詞: face the music(勇敢面對困難)→
face the classical music
替換: rain cats and dogs (傾盤大雨)→
rain cats and pigs
改變語法結構: follow the crowd (隨大流)→
the crowd was followed
但固定表達和諺語不同于習語,它們的意思通常比較容易推斷。如 Ladies and Gentlemen (女士們,先生們), Generally speaking (一般而言), Time and tide wait for no one. ( 時不我待 ) 等等。 同時固定表達的使用又都與特定的情境和語域有關。如 Merry Christmas,年年有余等。 當然,固定表達和諺語的意思不是各個單詞意思的簡單疊加,我們必須把它當作一個整體來推斷其含義。
在英漢習語翻譯中,譯者遇到的第一個難題是認出習語。有些習語比較容易辨認,比如:
1.違背常理的句子
It's raining cats and dogs .
天下傾盤大雨。
My neighbours are continually quarrelling, but it is usually a storm in a tea-cup .
我的鄰居們老是爭吵不休,常常是為了點小事兒大吵大鬧。
There is no need to jump down his throat, it wasn''t his fault.
沒有必要對他發火,那不是他的過錯。
2.違背語法規則的表達
He was blown to kingdom come.
他被炸死了。
A lot of the fellows that went to the Saturday night discos spent more time leaning on the wall or drinking in the bar than tripping the light fantastic and so the girls danced with each other, or got fed up and stopped going.
許多去參加周末迪斯科夜總會的人大多數時間不是跳舞,而是靠著墻邊站著或者在酒吧間里喝酒,姑娘們只好自己搭檔跳舞,有的厭倦了干脆不來了。
I'm afraid this sudden wet weather has put paid to ( =finish, destroy ) our picnic.
恐怕這突如其來的雨天已使我們的野炊泡湯了。