英語翻譯訓練:談英語定語從句的漢譯

英語和漢語分屬兩種不同語系,其差別很大,翻譯起來有諸多困難,英語定語從句漢譯便是困難之一。由于定語從句在英語中應用十分廣泛,因此,我們必須想辦法、找方法、尋規律,從而很好地解決它。
一、限制性定語從句
限制性定語從句對所修飾先行項起限制作用,在意義上與先行項密切不可分。如被省去,主句意思就含糊不清,甚至變得毫無意義。關系詞和先行項之間一般不用逗號分隔。
(一)定語詞組
①I have but one lamp by which my feed are guided. 我只有一盞指路明燈。
、贗t was so with the vast railroad yards with the crowded array of vessels she saw in the river. 火車站廣大場地,河里鱗次梯比船只,她也同樣不能理解。
、跙efore following her in her round of seeking, let us look at the sphare in which her future was to lie. 我們暫且把她找尋工作事擱下來不談,先看一看她前途所寄托這個世界。
④...and the thread which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were irretrievably broken ……而那些把她和少女時代以及故鄉輕輕系住柔絲,不得不就此斷絕了。
(二)并列從句
1)省略英語先行項
①The lungs are subjecd to several diseases which are treatable by surgery. 肺易受幾種疾病侵襲,但均可經手術治療。
、贏 little way on she saw a great door which, for some reason, attracted her attention. 又走了一些路,她看見一個大門,不知怎,引起了她注意。
③As a result, a hum of gossip was set going which moved about the house in that secret manner common to gossip. 結果就造成一陣閑話,暗中在公寓里流傳,閑話一般都是如此。
④A will had been made which divide the small tax –eaten property equally among the remaining four, so that it was really of no interest to any of them. 遺囑已立好,把這片快要給稅吃光薄產平分給四個孩子,但誰都對此不感興趣。
上述定語從句例句比(一)里定語從句例句長些,因此,就不宜譯成定語詞組成形式。否則,譯句就會顯得太長且不符合漢語表達習慣。如④就不宜譯成“把這片快要給稅吃光薄產平分給四個孩子中遺囑早已立好,誰都對此不感興趣!边@類從句不是長、難復雜定語從句,一般就按原文順序位置譯。上面譯句第二分句,有承前省略了主語,如③④,有借用第一分句不定語作邏輯主語,如①②
2)重復英語先行項
①At dimmer I found myself placed between Mrs. Bradly, and a shy drab girl who seemed even younger than the other. 席間,我發現自己坐在布拉得雷太太和一靦腆乏味女孩子中間;她看上去比其余人都年輕。
②A writer--in fact every one of us in life--needs that loving-mother force from which all creation flows... 一個作家——實際上生活中每個人——都需要慈母力量,它是創造一切源泉。
、跰an possesses an expressive faculty that goes far beyond gestures, that allows and even compels him to express his thoughts, feedings, dreams, and inituitions. 人類具有遠遠超過于手勢表達官能,這種官能不僅使人能夠,而且使他要把思想、感情、幻夢、直覺表達出來。
這些先行項重復,有時用是代詞如①②,有時用是限定詞如③。漢譯時,需重復先行項地方,就要重復。否則會影響意思連貫和清楚。我們一般采用分述法將帶定語從句英語復合句譯成并列分詞。分述法就將主句和從句分開翻譯方法。此方法除了將定語從句譯為并列分句外,還譯為狀語從句。
(三)狀語從句
讓我們來看看下例該怎么譯:
He insisted on building another house which he had no use for.
上例能譯成“他堅持再建一座他不用房子”或“他堅持再建一座房,這房他不用”嗎?顯然不能,因為這樣譯文令讀者莫名其妙。這兩種譯文是套用定語詞組和并列分句形式而譯,然而錯了。
正確譯文是:他雖自己不用,但仍堅持再建一座房。此句之所以這樣譯,是因為它含有狀語從句意思。英語定語從句——尤其是非限制性定語從句——有時兼有狀語從句職能,可以表示時間、條件、原因、讓步、目、結果等等關系。
茲再舉幾例說明限制性定語從句所表示狀語意思:
、買 think it will grow even on non-irrlgated land where there is a forest belt. 我想即使在沒有灌溉土地上,只要有一條樹林帶,苜蓿還是會生長。(表條件)
②In a personed sense, I think of my eldest daughter, whose birthday is today. 就個人來講,我想到我大女兒,因為今天是她生日。(表原因)
(四)獨立句
①He paid that peculiar deferente to women which every member of the sex appreciates. 他對女性殷勤令每個女人所賞識。
、赪hat were the hopes and dreams that had made of them the incredibly stubborn warriors?是什么希望,什么目標,什么理想使他們成為頑強到令人難以置信戰士呢?
翻譯英語There be 句型和帶定語從句復合句時,常用溶合法。溶合法就是把原主句主語同定語從句溶合在一起而譯成獨立句方法。溶合法要求改變句子構造形式。具體作法是,將原主句詞或詞組用作獨立句主語,再將定語從句用作謂語,這樣便譯成獨立句,如①將He paid that peculiar deference to women 壓縮譯為“他對女性殷勤”而定語從句“which every member of the sex appreciates”譯為謂語“令每個女人所常識”。
(五)復合賓語
、買 also found on the ground near the tracks of the lamed groups of ants which were rulling grains of corn. 我還看見駱駝腳印邊有許多螞蟻在拖玉米粒。
②He did not find any one in the house who particularly cared to see. 他認為家里沒有人特別想知道。
當主句謂語動詞是表示“感觀”或“心理活動”等意義時,修飾賓語定語從句多譯為復合賓語。
二、非限制性定語從句
