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In 1274, Edward I's coronation finally took place in a magnificent sanctuary created by his father.
1274年愛德華一世的加冕禮 在他父親修建的宏麗教堂中舉行
The Westminster in which he was crowned would,if Edward had anything to do with it,
他的加冕地威斯敏斯特 不僅將成為英格蘭的中心
be the capital not just of England, but of Britain.
也將成為不列顛的中心
It was in Wales that Edward first made the seriousness of his ambitions crystal clear.
愛德華的野心 初次顯露是在威爾士
Here, the dominant prince was Llywelyn ap Gruffydd,ruler of the mountainous kingdom of Gwynedd,greater Snowdonia.
這里是盧埃林·愛普·格魯菲茲的領(lǐng)土 他是格溫內(nèi)思這座山間王國的統(tǒng)治者 斯諾登的霸主
Knowing that the difficult, not to say impossible terrain of his country
深知自己這片地形復(fù)雜 易守難攻的領(lǐng)地
had been the graveyard of English armies,Llywelyn was determined to resist their attempts to subdue central Wales.
曾經(jīng)是英格蘭軍隊(duì)的死亡之地 盧埃林決心阻斷 英格蘭征服威爾士中部的企圖
Here, the native Welsh clung on to their language, customers and laws.
當(dāng)?shù)赝柺咳藞?jiān)持使用 自己的語言 風(fēng)俗 法律
Lords in their own lands, but still subjects of English King.
雖然有自己的君王 卻要向英格蘭國王俯首稱臣
By the 13th century, Wales had become divided into the principality of Gwynedd, the disputed centre,
到十三世紀(jì)時(shí) 威爾士被劃分為三部分 格溫內(nèi)思公國 中部沖突地區(qū)
and the encroaching English baronial and crown lands.
以及英格蘭貴族和國王漸進(jìn)蠶食的地區(qū)
Encroaching, that is, until 1258,when Llywelyn was strong enough to have himself declared "princeps wallie" prince of Wales.
這種逐漸推進(jìn)的入侵持續(xù)到1258年 此時(shí)盧埃林已積攢了足夠的實(shí)力 自封為威爾士王子
