《鹿鼎記》英譯本學習札記
最近看到牛津大學出版社1997年出版的一本書,題目是The Deer And the Cauldron,作者是Louis Cha,譯者是John Minford。這位譯者,雖不認識,卻很熟悉,因為讀過他和David Hawkes合譯的The Story of the Stone(《紅樓夢》)。我還知道他在香港理工大學(Hong Kong Polytechnic University)任教。但我沒有想到他又將這本書譯成了英文,把書打開一看,我立刻被那流暢的譯文吸引住了,句子都是地道的英文。于是我就想去找一本中文原文,對照著學一下,一定會提高自己的翻譯能力。
中文本很快就找到了。那不是別的書,正是鼎鼎大名的金庸所著的《鹿鼎記》。這中文本雖然比不上英文本印刷精良,那文字卻是極好的,句句都是地道的中文,而且處處散發(fā)著傳統(tǒng)的章回小說的氣息。這時我腦子里就產生了一個問題,譯者是怎樣把這地道的中文變成地道的英文的呢?可能你對這個問題也感興趣。那我們就一起從頭讀一讀吧。
1. 北風如刀,滿地冰霜。
2. 江南近海濱的一條大路上,一隊清兵手執(zhí)刀槍,押著七輛囚車,沖風冒寒,向北而行。
3. 前面三輛囚車中分別監(jiān)禁的是三個男子,都作書生打扮,一個是白發(fā)老者,兩個是中年人。后面四輛中坐的是女子,最后一輛囚車中是個少婦,懷中抱著個女嬰。女嬰啼哭不休。她母親溫言相呵,女嬰只是大哭。囚車旁一名清兵惱了,伸腿在車上踢了一腳,喝道:“再哭,再哭!老子踢死你!”那女嬰一驚,哭得更加響了。
Along a coastal road somewhere south of the Yangtze River, a detachment of soldiers, each of them armed with a halberd, was escorting a line of seven prison carts, trudging northwards in the teeth of a bitter wind.1 In each of the first three carts a single male prisoner was caged, identifiable by his dress as a member of the scholar class. One was a white-haired old man. The other two were men of middle years. The four rear carts were occupied by women, the last of them by a young mother holding a baby girl at her breast. The little girl was crying in a continuous wail which her mother’s gentle words of comfort were powerless to console.2 One of the soldiers marching alongside, irritated by the baby’s crying, aimed a mighty kick at the cart.3‘Stop it! Shut up! Or I’ll really give you something to cry about!’The baby, startled by this sudden violence, cried even louder.4
原文每一段前面的編號,是我為了敘述方便而加的。我一共取了六段原文。譯成英文就成了十三段了。這里面有合有分,主要是分,一個重要原因是英文喜歡把對話與敘述分開,而且各人的話都獨立成段。因此譯文的段落與原文的段落是不對應的。我在譯文里需要說明的地方加了注號。下面我就以注釋的形式來談一談我的學習體會。
注1. 原文第1段只有一句話,而且很短,但里面包含兩個分句,講的都是自然條件。作者的意圖大概是借以烘托氣氛吧。這一段,譯者沒有單獨處理,而是把它揉在下面一句話里,其中有in the teeth of a bitter wind,放在句末。至于他為什么這樣處理,我也說不好。我想也許是外國人寫書喜歡開門見山,于是我就找了幾本書看了看。
卡夫卡的《城堡》是這樣開始的:
It was late evening when K. arrived. The village lay under deep snow. There was no sign of the castle hill, fog and darkness surrounded it, not even the faintest gleam of light suggested the large castle. (Franz Kafka, The Castle)
迪內森的《走出非洲》是這樣開始的:
I had a farm in Africa, at the foot of the Ngong Hills. The Equator runs across these highlands, a hundred miles to the North, and the farm lay at an altitude of over six thousand feet. (Isak Dinesen, Out of Africa)
帕斯捷爾納克的《日瓦戈醫(yī)生》是這樣開始的:
On they went, singing “Rest Eternal”, and whenever they stopped, their feet, the horses, and the gusts of wind seemed to carry on their singing. (Boris Pasternak, Dr. Zhivago)
這三個例子選自不同的歐洲國家的文學作品,但都是先說什么人做什么事,然后再說周圍的環(huán)境。這也算是個參考吧。
原文第2段也只有一句話。主語是“一隊清兵”,后接四個并列謂語,其中最主要的應該是“押著七輛囚車”。譯文就突出了這一點,用句子的主要動詞來表示,譯作was escorting a line of seven prison carts?!笆謭?zhí)刀槍”譯作同位語加分詞短語,即each of them armed with a halberd,語法家可能管這種結構叫“獨立結構”。“向北而行”譯作分詞短語trudging northwards?!皼_風冒寒”譯作介詞短語in the teeth of a bitter wind,作狀語??傊氖遣⒘薪Y構,譯成英文成了主從結構。
注2. 這句譯文的原文是兩個句子,先說女嬰啼哭,接著說母親溫言相呵,最后又說女嬰大哭。因此,說原文用了三個并列的主謂結構也未嘗不可。譯文用了一個which引導的定語從句,這就避免了重復一個“哭”字,也避免了連續(xù)更換主語的毛病。譯文用的console一詞,非常之妙,將母女之情表現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致。我們可能會用stop,那就大為遜色了。
注3. 這一句的原文,主語是“一名清兵”,后帶三個并列謂語,其中最主要的是“踢了一腳”。譯者就把第一個謂語譯作分詞短語irritated
by the baby’s crying。下面的引語,譯文另起一段,“喝道”二字也就不一定譯了。此外,“囚車旁”譯得很妙。若是靜止狀態(tài),可譯作beside the cart,但此處說的是車隊行進中的情況,故譯作marching alongside,這樣譯,也免得重復cart一詞。
注4. 這一句的原文,主語是“女嬰”,后接兩個并列謂語。譯者又把第一個謂語譯作分詞短語startled by this sudden violence,整個句子緊湊而生動。細想一下,此句中的“一驚”,和前面一句中的“惱了”,都表示原因,和后面的動作有因果關系,因此譯為分詞短語是十分恰當?shù)?。這句譯文如用并列結構,譯作The baby was startled by this sudden violence and cried even louder,就遜色多了。
此外還有一點值得注意。原文第3段后半段,“女嬰”一詞先后出現(xiàn)四次。譯文用了a baby girl, the little girl和the baby等三種譯法。中文“女嬰”一詞只有兩個字,兩個音節(jié),重復幾次,不覺得有何不妥。英文則不行,a baby girl, the baby girl,重復起來,就覺得受不了。可見替代之法(substitution) 在這里還是有用的。
4. 離開道路數(shù)十丈處有座大屋,屋檐下站著一個中年文士,一個十一二歲的小孩。那文士見到這等情景,不禁長嘆一聲,眼眶也紅了,說道:“可憐,可憐!”
Under the eaves of a large house, some hundred yards from the road, a middle-aged scholar was standing with a ten- or eleven-year-old boy at his side.5 He was evidently affected by this little scene, for a groan escaped his lips and he appeared to be very close to tears.‘Poor creatures!’ he murmured to himself.6
注5. 這一句原文有兩個并列分句,先說某處有座大屋,再說檐下站著兩個人。敘事的順序可以說是由遠及近。譯文則從Under the eaves開始,然后再處理第一個分句里的內容of a large house, some hundred yards from the roads。原文“站著一個中年文士,一個十一二歲的小孩”,也是并列結構,而譯文卻是with a ten- or eleven-year-old boy at his side。這樣,原文的并列結構就變成了譯文的主從結構,突出了a middle-aged scholar。
注6. 原文主語是“那文士”,后面帶四個謂語。譯文突出第一個謂語,然后用for引出兩個從句,最后另起一段處理引鎩?lt;/FONT>
5. 那小孩問道:“爹爹,他們犯了什么罪?”那文士道:“又犯了什么罪?昨日和今朝,已逮去了三十幾人,都是我們浙江有名的讀書人,個個都是無辜株連。”他說到“無辜株連”四字,聲音壓得甚低,生怕給押送囚車的官兵聽見了。那小孩道:“那個小女孩還在吃奶,難道也犯了罪?真沒道理。”那文士道:“你懂得官兵沒道理,真是好孩子,唉,人為刀俎,我為魚肉,人為鼎鑊,我為麋鹿!”
‘Papa,’ said the little boy, ‘what have they done wrong?’7
‘What indeed!’ said the man, bitterly. ‘During these last two days they must have made more than thirty arrests. All our best scholars. And all of them innocents, caught up in the net,’ he added in an undertone, for fear that the soldiers might hear him.8‘That girl’s only a baby,’ said the boy.’ What can she possibly be guilty of? 9 It’s very wrong.’‘So you understand that what the Government soldiers do is wrong,’ said the man. ‘Good for you, my son!’ He sighed. ‘They are the cleaver and we are the meat. They are the cauldron and we are the deer.’10
注7. 英語除了先出引語,后出說話人,還經常把一句引語分成兩截,把說話人插在中間。
注8. All our best scholars. And all of them innocent… 都是省略句。這在口語里是常見的。這樣譯正體現(xiàn)了口語的特點。此外,原文“生怕……”在結構上是前面謂語的并列謂語,但其含義是說明壓低聲音的原因。因此譯文用介詞短語加that從句for fear that…,這在句子里叫狀語,表示原因。
注9. 原文“那個小女孩還在吃奶,難道也犯了罪?”前半句是陳述句,后半句是疑問句,可以放在一起。英語則不然,前半句和后半句在文字上沒有聯(lián)系,便要分成兩句。在陳述句后加句號,問題另起一句。像中文那樣用逗號把它們連在一起是不行的。
注10. 最后兩句譯文中間都加了and。請注意,我們自己譯的時候,不要把它丟掉。
6. 那孩子道:“爹,你前幾天教過我,‘人為刀俎,我為魚肉’,就是給人家斬割屠殺的意思。人家是切菜刀,是砧板,我們就是魚和肉。‘人為鼎鑊,我為麋鹿’這兩句話,意思也差不多么?”那文士道:“正是!”眼見官兵和囚車已經去遠,拉著小孩的手道:“外面風大,我們回屋里去?!碑斚赂缸佣俗哌M書房。
‘You explained “they are the cleaver and we are the meat” the other day, papa,’ said the boy. ‘It’s what they say when people are massacred or beheaded. Like meat or fish being sliced up on the chopping-board.11 Does “they are the cauldron and we are the deer” mean the same thing?’‘Yes, more or less,’ said the man; and since the train of soldiers and prison carts was now fast receding, he took the boy by the hand.12
‘Let’s go indoors now,’ he said.13 ‘It’s too windy for standing outside.’
Indoors the two of them went, and into his study.
注11. It’s和泛指的they都是口語里常用的說法。Like meat and fish being… 也是省略句。這都體現(xiàn)了口語的特點。敘事像敘事,對話像對話,不是很容易做到的,值得注意。
注12. train一詞很有用,我們往往想不起它來。它可以指a number of people or animals moving in a line,也可以指a series of events or actions that are connected,用在這里是很恰當?shù)摹?/P>
此外,“拉著小孩的手”不要譯作He took the boy’s hand,那是中國式的英文,He took the boy by the hand,這才是地道的英文。
注13. 從原文第4段到第6段,“文士”一詞共出現(xiàn)五次。第一次出現(xiàn)時譯為scholar,隨后便不再重復這一譯法,而交替使用he (his, him)和the man。