《李嵐清教育訪談錄》英譯本學習札記
2003年11月,人民教育出版社出版了《李嵐清教育訪談錄》。2004年金秋時節,不到一年的時間, 便有英譯本問世。英譯本取名Education
for 1.3 Billion (《為了13億人的教育》),是由我國的外語教學與研究出版社和英國的培生教育出版集團(Pearson Education) 共同出
版的。
作者專為英譯本寫了一篇序言,對出版英譯本的背景和意圖作了說明,并且提到,鑒于讀者的文化背景和教育背景不同,而且中文和英文
之間也存在差異,英譯本有一些變通的地方,但這不影響讀者了解本書的內容。
更多考慮外國讀者的不同情況而在譯文的文字上有所變通,這無疑代表一種新的翻譯思路,必將對我國譯界產生深遠的影響。這一方面的
情況很值得進一步研究。本文只想利用以下幾個選段,以注釋的形式談一談有關漢譯英的一些基本問題的體會。
4.6 “尚方寶劍”和“借東風”
記者:高校宏觀結構調整和管理體制改革,幾乎涉及到所有高校。有的學校辦了幾十年被并掉了,有的高校的校名因合并被改掉了,但總體進
展比較平穩。推動這樣大的改革,您有何感受?
4.6 Applying the ‘imperial sword’ and seizing the opportunities1
Interviewer:
Virtually all China’s universities have been involved in the overall restructuring and administrative reform. Some have been
merged despite the fact that they were around for decades. Some have been renamed after they were merged. Progress, however,
has largely been smooth. How do you feel about orchestrating such massive reform?
注1. 這一節的題目非常生動,用了兩個典故。第一個典故,譯文保留了原文的形象,第二個典故則沒有保留。這是為什么?也許我們看到下面
就明白了。
李嵐清:改革之所以能這樣平穩,我的體會主要有以下幾方面。
一是抓學習,講形勢,統一思想認識。鄧小平同志關于教育改革問題有許多科學論述。江澤民同志在接見四所交通大學負責人時指出:“
我們的教育工作必須進一步解決好兩大重要問題,一是教育要全面適應現代化建設對各級各類人才培養的需要,而是要全面提高辦學的質量和
效益。這也可以說是當前全國教育工作面臨的兩個重要轉變。”對于處在教育事業龍頭地位的高等教育來說,要實現這“兩個重要轉變”,必
須進一步深化高等教育管理體制改革。中共中央和國務院印發的《中國教育改革和發展綱要》和黨的十四大、十五大報告,以及兩屆政府總理
在全國人代會上所作的政府工作報告中,都有一系列關于教育改革的方針、政策,還有全國人大及其常委會通過的關于教育的法律,我們都抓
住不放,組織大家認真學習,不厭其煩地反復講,目的就是為了統一各級領導干部的思想。這些重要的方針、政策、法律、文件,我把它們比
作“尚方寶劍”。我們要善于運用這些“尚方寶劍”來統一思想。形勢發展呼喚著高等教育的改革。隨著社會主義現代化建設的不斷前進,社
會主義市場經濟體制的逐步建立,科學技術的迅速發展,高等教育只有改革才能適應經濟和社會發展的要求,才能肩負起中華民族偉大復興的
歷史使命。形勢任務搞清楚了,大家的認識就容易統一了。
Li Lanqing:
The smooth progress of reform can be attributed to the following factors.2
First, we have organized studies of government policies to clarify the situation and reach a consensus on what we wanted to
accomplish.3 Deng Xiaoping had put forward many scientific viewpoints on education reform. During a meeting with leaders of
the four Jiaotong universities (Beijing, Shanghai, Southwest and Xi’an)4, Jiang Zemin said, “In our work on education we
must tackle two major issues.5 One is that education must meet the demand of the modernization drive for qualified
professionals at all levels and of all types; the other is that managerial quality and efficiency has to be raised across the
board in school administration. These two issues may be seen as the two major changes essential to China’s work on
education.”6
To effect the “two major changes” in higher education, which is pivotal to education as a whole, reform of the
administrative system has to be deepened.7 A series of principles and policies on education reform are featured in the
Program for China’s Education Reform and Development issued by the central government, the reports to the 14th and 15th
National Congresses of CPC, and the reports on government work delivered by the premiers of the two successive central
governments to the National People’s Congress. The NPC and its Standing Committee have passed several laws on education. We
have organized careful studies of all these principles, policies, documents and laws for the single purpose of reaching a
consensus among leaders at all levels.8 I likened these principles, policies, documents and laws to the “imperial sword” –
symbols of supreme authority.9 We need the “imperial sword” to focus our minds and actions. The situation cries for higher
education reform. At a time when the socialist modernization drive is going strong, with the socialist market economy here to
stay, and science and technology progressing apace, higher education has to be transformed – both to meet the demands of
socioeconomic development and to shoulder the great historical mission of rejuvenating China.10 Once the situation and tasks
come into focus, reaching a consensus becomes simple.
注2. 這句譯文值得注意的是attribute一詞。英語需要表達“歸功于……”之類的意思是,經常用這個詞。
注3. 這句原文像個小標題,用分詞來譯也是可以的。但譯文加了東西,比較長,更像一個句子,所以還是用we作主語較好。此外,“抓學習”
若只譯作organized studies,不夠具體,所以譯文加了of government policies。 這也不是隨便加的,看一看下文就明白了。加在這里,也
可以與下文有所呼應。Consensus后面加了on what we wanted to accomplish, 也是因為同樣的道理。
注4. 這句譯文在four Jiaotong universities 后面略作解釋,就是照顧外國讀者的需要。
注5. 原文以“我們的教育工作”為主語,但在英文里,以we作主語更便于和動詞搭配。
注6. 中文的段落比較長,而英文不太喜歡很長的段落。因此,中譯英時,常需在適當的地方將一段分為兩段,甚至分為更多的段落。
注7. 這句原文無主語,譯文沒有加we,而是用了被動語態。這也是常見的一種譯法。
注8. 這里原文是一句,而譯文分成了三句,這樣譯比較清楚。
注9. 這一句把“尚方寶劍”之所指作了說明,譯者更對其含義作了解釋。有這句話在這里與本節的題目相呼應,意思就很清楚了,因此題目的
譯文保留了原文的形象。其實,即使沒有這句話,題目這樣譯,意思也是清楚的。
注10. 原文“隨著”后面有三個名詞詞組,譯文若只用with來引導,顯得結構過于單調。現在譯文先用At a time when引出一個從句,然后再
用with,就比較靈活。
二是向前看,不爭論,少宣揚,多實干。改革之初,有些同志曾提出,要改革,首先就要批判過去高等教育體制的弊端。對此我堅決不同
意,并說服這些同志要用歷史唯物主義的觀點看問題,否則我們就永遠沒有正確的是非標準。中國共產黨之所以是個成熟的政黨,其中重要的
一條就是我們善于用辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義來正確地處理“繼承與發展”的關系問題。不管你的成就多大,都有歷史的局限,不能當事
后諸葛亮。我們今天的改革,大家認為是正確的,甚至是很有前瞻性的。但過多少年以后,用那時的標準來看今天的改革,也許會被后人認為
是難以理解的“古董”。但你能否認今天的改革成果嗎?所以,不必要的爭論不但對推進改革無益,反而會影響改革進程。我們只有從實際出
發,針對現存的問題進行改革,盡量做好在當前時代條件下能做到的事。
Second, we must look forward, waste absolutely no time on unnecessary arguing and hype, and work more in a down-to-earth
way.11 In the beginning, some people had suggested criticizing the drawbacks in higher education prior to reform.12 I said no
and persuaded them to look at things from the perspective of historical materialism, otherwise we could never find the
criteria for telling right from wrong.13 A major reason why the Communist Party of China is a mature party is because we are
good at applying dialectical materialism and historical materialism when handling the relationship between inheriting and
developing. All achievements, no matter how big, have historical limits, and the “I told you so” attitude gets us
nowhere.14 Today, everyone is saying the reform is correct and rather farsighted. However, many years in the future, if
people use their contemporary standards to judge the reform of today, they may see it as some sort of unfathomable “antique
”. But can you negate the reform and its results today because of that? Therefore, unnecessary arguments can do nothing for
the progress of reform but hinder it.15 We can only proceed from reality, carry out reform to redress existing problems, and
do what we can under the circumstances.16
注11. 此處與注3所談情況一樣,加we作主語。此外,arguing前面加了unnecessary 一詞,這也不是譯者隨意加的。本段倒數第二句提到
unnecessary arguments,前后呼應。
注12. 此句原文兩次提到“改革”,譯文都沒有用reform,而把它與prior to 連用,修飾the drawbacks in higher education,真可以說用
在了該用的地方。
注13. “對此我堅決不同意”譯作 I said no,這是一個非常簡潔有力的譯法。此外,“正確的是非標準”譯作the criteria for telling
right from wrong,表面上“正確的”沒有譯,實際上已經意在其中了。這是翻譯中常見的一種現象,許多形容詞和副詞的含義已經包含在它
所修飾的詞里了,就不必單獨用一個詞來表示。這種現象值得注意。
注14. 此處原文用了一個典故“事后諸葛亮”,若照字面譯,不能使外國讀者產生同樣的聯想,因此譯文用了英語里一個相應的說法。
注15. 譯文用it,避免重復“改革”。
注16. 原文是一個主語帶三個并列謂語動詞,譯文也是一樣,但原文沒有用連詞,譯文里這個and卻是必需的。
與此同時,這十年來,我一直要求大家少宣揚,多實干。這是因為改革是一個不斷探索的進程,孰是孰非,還要經過一段實踐的檢驗,不
宜作不必要的宣傳,更不應事情還沒有做好就先吹一通。何況宣傳不適當還會引發不必要的爭論或簡單的“刮風”,影響改革的進程,甚至把
好事變壞。
Over this decade I always asked my colleagues to cut the hype and do more solid work. This is because reform is a process of
progressive exploration. Whether we are doing things right or wrong, only time and practice can tell. Hype is unnecessary; we
should not brag before our accomplishments are in place.17 Untimely publicity can trigger avoidable controversy or simplistic
“campaigning,” thus affecting the progress of reform or even damaging the good results we have achieved.18
注17. 這一句說明提出上述要求的原因,內容比較多,因此譯文分了三句,這樣譯比較清楚。
注18. simplistic 有貶義,意思是“過于簡單化的”,用在這里正合適。后半句譯文用了兩個分詞短語,說明上述做法可能產生的后果。
三是“借東風”,抓機遇。要推動改革,每一個重大的機遇都要抓住不放。例如上面我提到的,1998年國務院進行機構改革,撤銷了9個部
門,“皮之不存,毛將焉附?”部門沒有了,部門所屬的那些高校怎么辦?我們就抓住這一機遇,整體推進了部門所屬高校以地方管理為主共
建的改革,受到地方和這些高校的普遍歡迎。改革后,我去這些學校考察,有些校領導對我說,改由地方為主管理后,他們受到地方政府的重
視和種種優待,發展比過去快多了,早該這樣改革了!
Third, don’t let a good opportunity slip through your fingers.19 To promote reform you’ve got to act every time a good
opportunity presents itself. One such opportunity appeared during the 1998 State Council organizational reshuffle, in which
nine ministries were abolished.20 Now that these ministries were gone, what was to be done with the universities under their
charge.21 We acted immediately and launched a wholesale reform by delegating reconstruction responsibilities for these
universities to the local authorities, a decision well received by the localities and the universities themselves. When I
visited these universities toward the end of the reform, some leaders told me that they won much attention and preferential
treatment from local governments, and that their development was much faster than before. This reform was long overdue, they
said.22
注19. 在這里“借東風”和“抓機遇”是同樣的意思。這就是為什么本節的題目中“借東風”只譯作seizing the opportunities。“借東風”
本是漢語里的一個典故,來自《三國演義》,但翻譯起來,很難對外國讀者說清楚,只好把它要表達的意思譯出來算了。但這個典故用在這里
確實很生動,于是譯者在英文里找了一個與之相對應的習語。根據Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary(《牛津高階英
漢雙解詞典》)第6版,let sth slip (through your fingers)意思是to miss or fail to use an opportunity,因此用在這里是非常恰當的
。
注20. reshuffle一詞很有用,談到政府的重大人事或機構變動,最常用的就是這個詞。
注21. 這句譯文具體說明了前面引語“皮之不存,毛將焉附?”在這里的含義,因此這句引語就沒有譯,若譯出來就顯得重復了。此外,請注意
后半句what was to be done…。此處不能用what to do,因為它只是一個短語,不能獨立構成一個問句。
注22. 最后一句譯文加了they said。若不加,讀者就可能認為最后一句是作者的話了。
四是要進行充分的調查研究和科學的評估。“尚方寶劍”也要慎用。既要把工作抓緊、做細、做深,統一認識,又要善于等待,不能強迫
命令。工作不能簡單化。合并難度最大的莫過于強強聯合。但實踐證明,只要經過充分論證,確認合并有其客觀合理性,有關領導決心大,工
作細,并給予必要的支持,也是完全可行的。
當然,大學并不是越大越好。該合的合,不該合的就不合。
Fourth, making thorough studies and investingations and conducting scientific assessment.23 When we wield the “imperial
sword” we should do it with prudence. We need to press ahead with our work in a meticulous and thoroughgoing manner.24 But
we need also be good at biding our time and refrain from coercion. In other words, our work tolerates no simple-mindedness.
Of all the types of mergers, none is more difficult than those between good universities. Practice, however,25 has proved
that so long as we are confident of its feasibility on the basis of thorough study, and so long as leaders of all the parties
involved are committed, work carefully and are supportive, such mergers can definitely happen and happen successfully.
Naturally, it does not necessarily follow26 that the larger a university the better. Mergers can only happen when and
where it makes sense. Otherwise they must not happen at all.27
注23. 第4點和第5點譯文與前三點不同,沒有用完整的句子,而用了分詞短語來翻譯第一句話,這就是把第一句話譯作小標題了。
注24. 此處“工作”一詞恐不是指一般的具體工作,而是指思想工作,其目的是“統一認識”。譯文未能體現“統一認識”的意思。也許把our
work改為persuasion就行了。不過這樣一來,因為搭配的關系,可能要把and thoroughgoing刪去。其實,前面有press ahead,后面有
meticulous,強調的語氣已經表現得很充分了。
注25. 據我觀察,在英語中,however在大多數情況下不是放在句首,而是放在較后的位置。此處,雖然原文以“但”字開始,譯文把however
放在practice后面,是合乎英文的用法的。
注26. follow一詞非常有用,它在這里的意思是to be the logical results of sth。原文“并不是”的意思是“不能從上文得出結論,認為
……”,因此,譯文it does not necessarily follow that … 是十分恰當的。
注27. 這句原文很短,但很有中文的特色。“合”字重復出現四次,譯文絕不能
照搬,只有另想辦法。《鄧小平文選》第三卷有這樣一句話:“農業實行多種經營,因地制宜,該種糧食的地方種糧食,該種經濟作物的地方
種經濟作物,不僅糧食大幅度增長,經濟作物也大幅度增長。”譯文是:By diversifying agriculture in accordance with local
conditions, the peasants have grown grain and cash crops in places suited to them and have substantially increased the output
of both.
五是抓典型,因勢利導,前面曾提到,國務院辦公廳曾先后在上海、南昌、北戴河、揚州四次召開座談會總結推廣各地的好經驗,用典型
推動,形成改革的氛圍。同時,我們對一些影響大的學校的調整、合并給予特別關注,并且我和教育部門的領導還到一些地方實地考察了解,
及時給予指導。
Fifth, setting good examples and making the most of the situation. As I said before,the General Office of the State
Council had held meetings in Shanghai, Nanchang, Beidaihe and Yangzhou to summarize and share the best practices and
solutions from each situation. The idea was to set good examples and foster a friendly atmosphere for reform.28 In the
meantime, we paid special attention to the regrouping and amalgamation of prestigious universities. Leaders of the Ministry
of Education and I went on fact-finding tours to offer needed guidance.29
注28. 這一句原文較長,最后才說出這樣做的目的,若譯成一句,目的就不突出。現在譯文使后半句單獨成句,而且用The idea作主語,這個
短語的意思是the aim or purpose (of sth),用在這里是很恰當的。
注29. 中文總是說“我和某某人”,把“我”字放在前頭。英文則總是把I放在后頭。我們要寫地道的英文,這一點,不可不注意。我覺得這純
粹是一個使用語言的習慣問題,不涉及是否尊重別人。1987年,美國前總統卡特訪華,,在歡迎他的宴會上講話,他說:My wife and I … 譯
文是“我的夫人和我 ……”。我覺得,還是“我和我的夫人”聽起來順耳一些。