(二) 復合句的翻譯
英語復合句翻譯時首先要理清各分句之間的關系(語法關系和邏輯關系),辯明句意及句子在特定語境中的功能。表達時有時可亦步亦趨,有時可用分譯法和句序、詞序調整法。下面是名詞分句漢譯的幾個例子:
(1) Whether an object will sink or float depends on its density.物體在水中的沉浮取決于物體的比重。(名詞分句——轉換為漢語單句,名詞分句成主語)
(2) I owe it to you that I didn't die.我沒死,全靠你。(名詞分句——賓語從句轉換為漢語并列句)
(3) It worried her much that her daughter should stay up so late.她很著急,因為她女兒很晚都不睡覺。(名詞分句——主語從句轉換為狀語從句)
定語分句漢譯應多注意其位置;狀語化的定語分句漢譯時則應注意其意義的傳達:
(1) John liked my sister, who was warm and pleasant.他喜歡我那熱情歡快的妹妹。(定語分句——前置定語)
(2) It seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.我認為原因有二,而兩者之間又有明顯的深淺之分。(定語分句——并列分句)
(3) We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. 我們知道,由于貓的眼睛比我們人的眼睛能吸收更多的光線,所以貓在黑夜也能看得很清楚。(定語分句——原因)
(4) There are many people who want to see the film. 許多人要看這部電影。(定語分句——獨立句子)
需要指出的是,英語中含有狀語從句的復合句,譯成漢語時,有些成了偏正復句,有些成了聯合復句,還有一些成了單句。此外,有些句序調整是強制性的(required),有些是選擇性的(selective / optional),翻譯時必須加以注意。
(三) 長句翻譯
長句的翻譯首先要判斷出句子的結構(如是簡單句,并列句,還是復合句),再找出句中的主要句子成分,即主語和謂語動詞,然后再分清句中的賓語、狀語、表語、賓語補足語、定語等,最后還要弄清原文的表達模式特點。一般說來,英語長句的翻譯主要依原句的語義及句子各部分間的邏輯關系而定,采取的方法就是分譯,而分譯法大體又分為順譯法、逆譯法、綜合法。例如:
(1) …This is nonsense but with it organs of the popular Press played upon the emotions of their readers so successfully that many candidates for Parliament were afraid to support abolition for fear of losing votes and the result was the muddle-headed Homicide Act of 1957 which made murder with robbery a capital crime and allowed the prisoner to escape the gallows. ……這是胡說八道,但一些在大眾中頗有影響的報刊卻利用它大肆煽動讀者的情緒,許多竟選國會議員的人由于害怕失去選票而不敢支持廢除死刑,其結果就是1957年通過的糊里糊涂的《兇殺法案》。根據這個法案,搶劫殺人犯要判死刑,而投毒殺人犯卻可不判死刑。(順譯法)
(2) From radio-active water and soil around a nuclear-weapons plant in Colorado to man-made deserts in Soviet Central Asia, the world is peppered with examples of what poor education or unneighborly attitudes can do to the planet that must feed and clothe us all.如果人們受教育不夠或不能善待環境,他們會對人類賴以生存的這個星球做出些什么事來呢?全世界到處都有這樣的例子:從科羅拉多州核武器工廠周圍幅射活躍的水土到原蘇聯中亞地區的人為沙漠。(逆譯法)
(3) Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural products can not meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often, because the physical property of the synthetic substance, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized, so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied.合成材料通常稱為人造材料。許多人造材料正逐步取代某些天然材料,這或許是因為天然制品的數量不能滿足人們日益增長的需求,但更多的則是因為人們看中了合成材料的某種物理性能,并充分發揮這些性能,以便使合成材料在其應用領域中最大限度地發揮作用。(綜合法)
長句翻譯不能一味地照顧譯入語的表達習慣而不重視原文作者句式安排的特殊目的或意圖,而要想看出原文作者的用意,就不能將目光局限在一個句子中各部分間的邏輯關系上,而應擴展到句群乃至語篇中。