考生在教室集合以后，會有老師來資格審核（查看學(xué)生證或畢業(yè)證之類），并讓大家在一張列表上簽到（此表按初試排名排列），和抽下午面試的順序簽。完成之后一半考生會被分到另一個教室進(jìn)行筆試。筆試的形式是一篇英譯漢，一篇漢譯英，答在兩張空白A4紙上。時間兩小時。

THE AUTHORITY OF SCIENCE VS. THE AUTHORITY OF THE CHURCH

A History of Western Philosophy by Bertrand Russell

（注：考題未給作者和出處）

(The period of history which is commonly called 'modern' has a mental outlook which differs from that of the medi period in many ways. Of these, two are the most important: the diminishing authority of the Church and the increasing authority of science...)

The authority of science, which is recognized by most philosophers of the modern epoch, is a very different thing from the authority of the Church, since it is intellectual, not governmental. No penalties fall upon those who reject it; no prudential arguments influence those who accept it. It prevails solely by its intrinsic appeal to reason. It is, moreover, a piecemeal and partial authority; it does not, like the body of Catholic dogma, lay down a complete system, covering human morality, human hopes, and the past and future history of the universe. It pronounces only on whatever, at the time, appears to have been scientifically ascertained, which is a small island in an ocean of nescience. There is yet another difference from ecclesiastical authority, which declares its pronouncements to be absolutely certain and eternally unalterable: the pronouncements of science are made tentatively, on a basis of probability, and are regarded as liable to modification. This produces a temper of mind very different from that of the media dogmatist.（只翻第二段）

參考譯文一 （譯者顧憶青http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_3e81caec0100ffls.html）

（回溯歷史，所謂“現(xiàn)代”時期，其精神姿質(zhì)，與中古時代迥異。殊途之中，兩點極為突顯，一是教會權(quán)威之漸弱，二是科學(xué)權(quán)威之興起……）

科學(xué)權(quán)威，已為諸多現(xiàn)代哲人認(rèn)可。之所以異于教會權(quán)威，因其源自理智，而非苛政。如予以否認(rèn)，無有刑罰相報，若坦誠接受，亦不受察言左右。本心而論，科學(xué)權(quán)威之興起，乃是對理性的吁求。再者，科學(xué)權(quán)威須待日積月累，漸次進(jìn)益。點點零星，尚未成一體統(tǒng)。不若天主教義，煌煌奧經(jīng)，貫通今古，下有塵世之道德與理想，上及寰宇之過往和未來。而科學(xué)所言之事，皆須當(dāng)下論證判明。寥寥者，實如無涯學(xué)海中，小島一粒而已。此外，兩者之間，另有一別。教會規(guī)矩，信誓旦旦，不容挑戰(zhàn)，因而止步不前。科學(xué)論說，有蓋然性，或可修正，因而日臻完善。傾于科學(xué)者，其性情心智，遠(yuǎn)不同于中古衛(wèi)道者，正在于此。

參考譯文二（馬元德譯，商務(wù)印書館，1976）

（通常謂之“近代”的這段歷史時期，人的思想見解和中古時期的思想見解有許多不同。其中有兩點最重要，即教會的威信衰落下去，科學(xué)的威信逐步上升……）

科學(xué)的威信是近代大多數(shù)哲學(xué)家都承認(rèn)的；由于它不是統(tǒng)治威信，而是理智上的威信，所以是一種和教會威信大不相同的東西。否認(rèn)它的人并不遭到什么懲罰；承認(rèn)它的人也決不為從現(xiàn)實利益出發(fā)的任何道理所左右。它在本質(zhì)上求理性裁斷，全憑這點致勝。并且，這是一種片段不全的威信；不像天主教的那套教義，設(shè)下一個完備的體系，概括人間道德、人類的希望、以及宇宙的過去和未來的歷史。它只對當(dāng)時似乎已由科學(xué)判明的事情表示意見，這在無知的茫茫大海中只不過是個小島。另外還有一點與教會威信不同：教會威信宣稱自己的論斷絕對確實，萬年更改不了；科學(xué)的論斷卻是在蓋然性的基礎(chǔ)上，按嘗試的方式提出來的，認(rèn)為隨時難免要修正。這使人產(chǎn)生一種和中世紀(jì)教義學(xué)者的心理氣質(zhì)截然不同的心理氣質(zhì)。

參考譯文三（譯者據(jù)說是許國璋）

（吾人所謂“現(xiàn)代”，其思想觀點，實大異于中古。其中，主要區(qū)別有二，一曰教會之權(quán)威日衰，二曰科學(xué)之權(quán)威日增……）

科學(xué)的權(quán)威，已為近世多數(shù)哲學(xué)家所承認(rèn)。此一權(quán)威，殊不同于教會的權(quán)威。科學(xué)權(quán)威，理智的力量也；教會權(quán)威，統(tǒng)治的力量也。人于科學(xué)權(quán)威，可以拒絕，可以接受。拒絕，無須受懲罰；接受，無須出于保身家保名譽之考慮。科學(xué)所以有權(quán)威，唯一原因，是科學(xué)有內(nèi)在的足以令人折服的力量。再者，科學(xué)的權(quán)威，明一理有一理之權(quán)威，明二理有二理之權(quán)威。科學(xué)的權(quán)威，止于已明之理；不若天主教義，乃包羅萬象之體系，道德準(zhǔn)則，人生理想，甚至世界之過去與未來，無一不在此體系之內(nèi)。科學(xué)如有所見，僅以此時此物已有科學(xué)實證者為限。知識，海洋也；科學(xué)之所知，一小島耳。科學(xué)的權(quán)威，尚有一點不同于教會的權(quán)威。教會每有宣示，必曰此千真萬確，萬事不移。科學(xué)作出的判斷，曰此是暫時的結(jié)論，此有蓋然性，科學(xué)的結(jié)論可加以修正，此是科學(xué)家共有的見解。科學(xué)家之思想，截然不同于中古時期固執(zhí)教義之士，蓋在于此。

不要拋棄學(xué)問（胡適）

Never give up the pursuit of learning.（張培基譯）

（注：只要求譯一部分， 試題以劃線標(biāo)出）

諸位畢業(yè)同學(xué)：

Dear students of the Graduating Class,

你們現(xiàn)在要離開母校了，我沒有什么禮物送你們，只好送你們一句話罷。

As you are leaving your alma mater, I have nothing to offer you as a gift except a word of advice.

這一句話是：“不要拋棄學(xué)問。”以前的功課也許有一大部分是為了這張畢業(yè)文憑，不得已而做的，從今以后，你們可以依自己的心愿自由去研究了。趁現(xiàn)在年富力強(qiáng)的時候，努力做一種專門學(xué)問。少年是一去不復(fù)返的，等到精力衰時，要做學(xué)問也來不及了。即為吃飯計，學(xué)問決不會辜負(fù)人的。吃飯而不求學(xué)問，三年五年之后，你們都要被后來少年淘汰掉的。到那時再想做點學(xué)問來補救，恐怕已太晚了。

My advice is, "Never give up the pursuit of learning." You have perhaps finished your college courses mostly for obtaining the diploma, or, in other words, out of sheer necessity. However, from now on you are free to follow your own bent in the choice of studies. While you are in the prime of life, why not devote yourselves to a special field of study? Youth will soon be gone never to return. And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years. Knowledge will do you a good turn even as a means of subsistence. If you give up studies while holding a job, you will in a couple of years have had yourselves replaced by young people. It will then be too late to remedy the situation by picking up studies again.

有人說：“出去做事之后，生活問題急需解決，哪有工夫去讀書？即使要做學(xué)問，既沒有圖書館，又沒有實驗室，哪能做學(xué)問？”

Some people say, "Once you have a job, you'll come up against the urgent problem of making a living. How can you manage to find time to study? Even if you want to, will it be possible with no library or laboratory available?"

我要對你們說：凡是要等到有了圖書館方才讀書，有了圖書館也不肯讀書。凡是要等到有了實驗室方才做研究的，有了實驗室也不肯做研究。你有了決心要研究一個問題，自然會撙衣節(jié)食去買書，自然會想出法子來設(shè)置儀器。

Now let me tell you this. Those who refuse to study for lack of a library will most probably continue to do so even though there is a library. And those who refuse to do research for lack of a laboratory will most probably continue to do so even though a laboratory is available. As long as you set your mind on studies, you will naturally cut down on food and clothing to buy books or do everything possible to acquire necessary instruments.

至于時間，更不成問題。達(dá)爾文一生多病，不能多作工，每天只能做一點鐘的工作。你看他的成績！每天花一點鐘看10頁有用的書，每年可看3600多頁書，30年可讀11萬頁書。

Time is no object. Charles Darwin could only work one hour a day due to ill health. Yet what a remarkable man he was! If you spend one hour a day reading 10 pages of a book, you can finish more than 3,600 pages a year, and 110,000 pages in 30 years.

諸位，11萬頁書可以使你成一個學(xué)者了。可是，每天看三種小報也得費你一點鐘的工夫，四圈麻將也得費你一點半鐘的光陰。看小報呢？還是打麻將呢？還是努力做一個學(xué)者呢？全靠你們自己的選擇！

Dear students, 110000 pages will be quite enough to make a learned man of you. It will take you one hour to read three tabloids a day, and one and half hours to finish four rounds of mah-jong a day. Reading tabloids, playing mah-jongs or striving to be a learned man, the choice lies with you.

易卜生說：“你的最大責(zé)任是把你這塊材料鑄造成器。”

Henrik Ibsen says, "It's your supreme duty to cast yourself into a useful implement."

學(xué)問便是鑄器的工具。拋棄了學(xué)問便是毀了你們自己。

Learning is the casting mould. Forsake learning, and you will ruin yourself.

再會了！你們的母校眼睜睜地要看你們十年之后成什么器。

Farewell! Your alma mater is watching eagerly to see what will become of you ten years from now.

①“不要拋棄學(xué)問”在這里的意思是“不要放棄對學(xué)問的追求”，因此不能直譯為 Never Give up Learning ，必須加字：Never Give up the Pursuit of Learning.

②“你們可以依自己的心愿自由去研究了”譯為you are free to follow your own bent in the choice of studies，其中 to follow one's own bent 是成語，和 to follow one's inclination 同義，作“做自己感興趣或愛做的事”解。

③“做學(xué)問”譯為 to go into scholarship, 等于 to engage in learning 。

④“學(xué)問決不會辜負(fù)人的”譯為 Knowledge will do you a good turn ，其中 to do one a good turn 是成語，作“”做對某人有益的事“解。

⑤“撙衣節(jié)食”即“省吃省穿”，現(xiàn)譯為 cut down on food and clothing, 其中 to cut down on 是成語，與 to economize on 同義，作“節(jié)約”解。又， 上語也可譯為 to live frugally.

⑥“至于時間，更不成問題”譯為 Time is no object, 其中 no object 是成語， 等于 no problem, 作“不成問題”或“不在話下”解。

⑦“全靠你們自己的選擇”譯為 the choice lies with you 或 it is up to you to make the choice.

⑧“你們的母校眼睜睜地要看……”中的“眼睜睜地”通常的意思是“無可奈何地”，現(xiàn)在這里做“熱切地”解，故譯為eagerly。