評論
打印
解析：
71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, / modern practice most closely conforms to one / that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
第二、句子的結構：
1)主干結構是While there are almost as... as there are... +主句，While引導讓步狀語從句，從句中as... as結構是比較級，這句話直譯為有多少歷史學家，就有多少關于歷史的定義。
2)主句中one是賓語，后面的that從句是它的定語從句。
3)sees history as把……看作是，不定式短語to recreate and explain...作名詞the attempt的定語。
第三、詞的處理：
While 雖然，盡管
definitions 定義，界定
modern practice 現代(補詞：史學家的)實踐
conforms to 符合于，趨向于認為
attempt 試圖，嘗試
to recreate 再現，重現(不能說重新創造歷史)
events 事件，結合上下文引申為史實
完整的譯文：
幾乎每個歷史學家對史學都有自己的界定，但現代史學家的實踐最趨向于認為，歷史學是試圖重現過去的重大史實并對其作出解釋。
72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：Interest in historical methods has arisen / less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline / and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
第二、句子的結構
1)主干結構是一個簡單句：Interest... has arisen less through ...and more from...
2)并列狀語less through ...and more from的翻譯是關鍵，through和from意思完全相同，表示原因，直譯比較少的是因為……，更多的原因是……
3)challenge后面的不定式短語to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline是它的定語，直譯對歷史作為一門學科的正確性提出異議，internal quarrels后面的介詞短語among historians themselves作quarrels的定語。
第三、詞的處理：
Interest in historical methods 對歷史方法的關注(興趣)
arisen 來自于，產生于challenge質疑，挑戰
validity 真實性，正確性as an intellectual discipline作為一門學問(一個學科領域)
internal quarrels 內部意見不統一，內部分歧
完整的譯文：
人們之所以關注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因為史學界內部意見不一，其次是因為外界并不認為歷史是一門學問。
73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：During this transfer, / traditional historical methods were augmented / by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
第二、句子的結構：
1)主干結構是一個被動語態的簡單句：...methods were augmented by...
2)過去分詞短語designed to...作句子賓語methodologies的定語。
第三、詞的處理：
transfer 轉變
augmented 充實，補充
additional methodologies 新方法 designed to用來
interpret 闡釋，解釋，說明
the new forms of evidence 新的證據形式，根據上下文意思引申為在歷史學研究中的新史料
in the historical study 在(補譯：歷史學家)研究歷史時
完整的譯文：
在這種轉變中，歷史學家研究歷史時，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實了傳統的歷史研究方法。
74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：There is no agreement / whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general / or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
第二、句子的結構：
1)主干結構是存在句There is no agreement因為主語部分太長，整個結構應該采用順序倒譯方法。
2) whether methodology refers to ...or to ...是主語agreement的同位語。
3) the concepts后面的形容詞短語peculiar to historical work in general是它的定語；the research techniques后面的形容詞短語appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry也是作定語。
第三、詞的處理：
agreement 統一的意見，一致看法
whether...refers to... or to... 是指……還是指……
the concepts/peculiar to/historical work/in general (按后置定語的順序倒譯)一般的歷史研究中的特有概念
the research techniques 研究手段
appropriate to 適用于，合適于
the various branches 各個領域
historical inquiry 歷史探究
完整的譯文：
所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個具體領域使用的研究手段，人們對此意見不一。
75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：It applies equally to traditional historians / who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, / and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
第二、句子的結構
1)主干結構是：It applies equally to..., and to ...直譯這既適應于……又適應于……引申為這既存在于……又存在于……
2) traditional historians who view history as...和social science historians who equate... with...是并列結構，指兩種歷史學家，各有定語從句修飾。
第三、詞的處理：
It主語指示代詞，聯系上下文意思是這種謬論
traditional historians 傳統歷史學家，歷史傳統派
view history as 把歷史看作是
sources 源泉，引申為史料來源
social science historians 社會科學歷史學家，歷史社科派
their activity 活動，引申為歷史學研究活動，歷史研究
equate... with 把……等同于，認為……是
specific techniques 具體方法
完整的譯文：
這種謬論同樣存在于歷史傳統派和歷史社科派；前者認為歷史就是史學界內部和外部人士對各種史料來源的評論，后者認為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。
