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The IMF has helped as well.
國際貨幣基金組織也提供了幫助。
It has encouraged America and other countries to take over part of Ukraine’s allocation of special drawing rights at the fund, in effect channelling hard currency to the government in Kyiv.
它鼓勵美國和其他國家接管烏克蘭在IMF分配的特別提款權的，實際上是將硬通貨輸送到基輔政府。
But the end result of all these appeals is that, for the second quarter of this year, Ukraine has so far totted up grants totalling only about $4.5bn, against a fiscal shortfall of $15bn.
但所有這些呼吁的最終結果是，今年第二季度，烏克蘭迄今獲得的贈款總額僅為約45億美元，而財政缺口為150億美元。
This is not sustainable, admits Mr Marchenko, who fears that if the war lasts more than another “three or four months”, painful measures will be needed, involving huge tax rises and swingeing spending cuts.
馬爾琴科承認，這是不可持續的。他擔心，如果戰爭再持續“三四個月”，將需要采取痛苦的措施，包括大幅增稅和大幅削減開支。
The real fear is that what has become in recent years a fairly market-driven, freewheeling economy might see a wave of nationalisations, undoing years of hard-fought progress.
真正令人擔心的是，近些年來，一個相當市場化、自由放任的經濟體可能會出現一波國有化浪潮，破壞多年來的進步。
An even more immediate problem is already, literally, sprouting.
實際上，一個更緊迫的問題已經萌芽。
Across the country, the sowing season for this year’s crop of wheat, barley, sunflowers (for oil) and other grains and staples has been completed.
今年，全國小麥、大麥、葵花(油料)等谷物和主要作物的播種季節已基本結束。
Astonishingly, roughly 80% of the usual crop has gone into the ground, sometimes planted by brave farmers wearing bulletproof vests.
令人驚訝的是，大約80%的常規作物已經播種完畢，有些是勇敢的農民穿著防彈衣種植的。
But what to do with it?
但要怎么處理呢？
Harvesting should be no great problem, since the frontlines have been pushed back and Russia looks unlikely to make further gains.
收獲應該不是大問題，因為前線已經被擊退，俄羅斯看起來不太可能取得進一步的成功。
The hard part is shipping the stuff out of the country.
最難的是把這些東西運出烏克蘭。
The presence of the Russian navy in the Black Sea, as well as the defensive deployment of mines by Ukraine’s navy, means that Odessa, Ukraine’s principal port, is shut down completely.
俄羅斯海軍在黑海的存在，以及烏克蘭海軍的防御性水雷部署，意味著烏克蘭主要港口敖德薩已經完全關閉。
The same goes for its second and third ports, located nearby.
位于附近的第二個和第三個港口也是如此。
Berdyansk and Mariupol, the fourth and fifth, are under Russian control.
別爾江斯克和馬里烏波爾分別是第四個和第五個，都在俄羅斯的控制之下。
Nor can much grain be stored; the country’s grain silos are mostly full of the recently harvested winter crop, which would normally have been sent abroad by now.
也不能儲存太多的糧食；烏克蘭的糧倉里大多是最近收獲的冬季作物，通常現在應該已經運往國外了。
Mustafa Nayyem, a former journalist and protester turned Ukraine’s deputy infrastructure minister, is in charge of solving the problem.
穆斯塔法·納耶姆曾是一名記者和抗議者，后來成為烏克蘭基礎設施部副部長，他負責解決這個問題。
If the grain cannot get out by sea, it will have to travel by road and rail, via Poland, Romania and Hungary.
如果糧食不能通過海路運輸，就必須通過公路和鐵路運輸，途經波蘭、羅馬尼亞和匈牙利。
But problems abound, he says.
但他表示，存在太多問題了。
The roads cannot handle that much heavy traffic; the alternative ports have limited spare capacity.
道路無法承受那么大的交通流量；替代港口的閑置容量有限。
Worst of all, crossing Ukraine’s frontiers with the eu is arduous.
最糟糕的是，跨越烏克蘭與歐盟的邊界是一件艱難的事情。
Customs and phytosanitary checks are already causing 10km tailbacks at entry points.
海關和植物檢疫檢查已經在入境點排隊排了10公里。
The club’s rules say that, since Ukraine is not a member, only a limited number of its lorries can enter.
歐盟方面規定，由于烏克蘭不是歐盟成員，只有有限數量的烏克蘭卡車可以進入。
Bureaucracy is gumming up the works, and unless they are unblocked Ukraine, Europe and indeed the world will face severe food shortages after the harvest in September.
官僚作風正在阻礙這項工作，除非烏克蘭的糧食供應暢通無阻，否則歐洲乃至全球在9月份的收成后，將面臨嚴重的糧食短缺。
“We need every country in Europe to allow free access to our trucks,” says the minister.
這位部長說：“我們需要歐洲每個國家都允許我們的卡車自由通行。”
“They don’t seem to understand the sheer amount of wheat that is about to hit them.”
“他們似乎不清楚即將收獲的小麥數量。”
