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That was some of the general concerns.
這些是總體性的考慮
More specifically focussing on torture, it came into focus er, in Chile in '72 when,
更具體地來說 專注折磨 是在1972年的智利
er Pinochet overthrew er Salvador Allende and there was widespread persecution
皮爾切特推翻了薩爾瓦多.阿連德的統治 大規模展開迫害行動以后
and the mental health community in Chile was sophisticated enough to respond and
智利的心理健康群體 面對非常復雜的局面
try to focus on what you have to do to help people recover from torture.
做自己力所能及的事情 來幫助人們從酷刑中恢復過來
This spread to Argentina to Central America and to many, many other countries.
這進一步延伸到阿根廷和中美洲 以及很多很多別的國家
In the um, er in the 70's there was a, an influx of refugees coming from Southeast Asia,
在70年代有大批難民 從東南亞逃難到美國的
and both on the East coast and the West coast Oregon and in Massachusetts were efforts to address their traumatisation.
東西海岸 在俄勒岡州和馬賽諸塞州 有人想要減輕他們的創傷和痛苦
In the er, in the 80's in Copenhagen the first centre for victims of torture was started er, in Copenhagen.
在80年代的哥本哈根 第一個酷刑受害者中心開始于哥本哈根
Then in Toronto in '83 another one, in Minneapolis the first one in the US and
1983年另一個中心在多倫多開設 美國的第一個中心是在明尼阿波利斯市
In Chicago coming out of a University of Chicago conference that was held, er,
1987年在芝加哥大學召開了 大會之后
and out of that came the Kovler Center which has been working for 20 years which is the background that I bring to this.
誕生了卡弗勒中心 我們20多年來致力于這項工作 這些就是我要介紹的背景知識
