1. 形式上否定謂語,語義上否定賓語補足語。
I never knew him to carry money because he never had any use of it. (not to carry...)
我知道他身上從不帶錢,因為他從不需要錢。
We do not consider melting or boiling to be chemical change. (not to be...)
我們認為熔化和沸騰不是化學反應。
Seeing a ball flying, we don't expect the ball to fly forever. (not to fly...)
看到球飛時,我們認為它不會永遠飛下去。
I don't think math difficult.
我認為數學不難。
I don't find the story interesting.
我認為這個故事沒有趣。
I don't expect so.
我認為不會。
2. 在“It is/was likely/probably +從句”中,形式上否定謂語,語義上否定從句。
It isn't likely that it will rain tomorrow.
看起來明天不會下雨。
It isn't probable that he will come here today.
他今天也許不會來這里了。
3. 形式上否定謂語,語義上否定狀語或狀語從句
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because狀語)
他并不因亞里斯多德說過如何如何,就輕信此事。
Don't judge a man by his appearance.
不要以貌取人。
Don't read in the sun.
不要在陽光下看書。
Don't talk with your mouth full of food.
不要口里含著食物說話。
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.
螞蟻不只是為自己采食。
Let's not talk about it here.
我們別在這里談吧。
This great victory has not been won easily.
這個偉大的勝利贏來得并不容易。
I didn't know his name until yesterday. (not ... until)
我直到昨天才知道他的名字。
He didn't take the boy from the tracks to safety to win his own fame, but to benefit the boy's parents.
他把男孩從鐵軌上抱到安全地帶,不是為了獲得個人的名譽,而是為了孩子的父母。
注:含有not... because (of) 的句子,情況較復雜,需根據邏輯、語境和常識進行判斷是否需要作否定轉移,如需轉移的話,往往是由否定謂語轉為否定狀語。
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because狀語)
他并不因亞里斯多德說過如何如何,就輕信此事。
I don't teach because teaching is easy for me.
我教書并不是因為我覺得教書輕松。
The engine didn't stop because the fuel was used up.
發動機并不是因為油用完而停車的。
He didn't go to class because he was sick.
他沒去上課,因為他生病了。(這句話不需作否定轉移)
The manager didn't give a speech because he felt painful in his throat. 經理沒發表講話,因為他喉嚨痛。(這句話不需作否定轉移)
而以下情況,到底哪種理解正確,我們無法從邏輯意義上進行辨別,這時我們只有借助語境即上下文來分析了。即這類句子是否采用“否定轉移”以譯文意思合乎邏輯為準則。
She didn't call you because she loved you.
這個句子可能出現兩種理解:
A. 她給你打電話并非因為她愛你。(發生了否定轉移)
B. 她沒給你打電話是因為她愛你。(未發生否定轉移)
4. 表示信念、看法、愿望的名詞充當主語從句的表語時,形式上否定謂語,語義上否定主語從句。這類詞有:hope, thought, view, opinion, wish, expectation, belief, plan 等。
It is not our expectation that you will suffer a lot from that. (will not suffer...)
我們希望你不要為那事受太多苦。
It is not my opinion that you spend much time on computer games. (do not spend...)
我的看法是你不要花太多時間玩電腦游戲。
It is not their plan that their homework is done on Sunday.
他們計劃星期天不做家庭作業。
5. 含有全體意義的代詞和副詞作主語或賓語時,形式上否定謂語,語義上否定主語或賓語,表示部分否定。這類詞有:all, both, every, everybody, everything, everywhere, always, altogether, entirely, wholly。
All the people didn't know the truth. (Not all the people knew the truth.)
并非所有的人都知道事情的真相。
All that glitters is not gold. (not all glitters...)
發光的不總是金子。
Both the children are not clever. (Not both the children...)
兩個孩子并不都聰明。
Everybody, it is true, wouldn't like it. ( Not everybody...)
的確不是人人都喜歡它。
I don't know all of them. (not all of them)
對于他們我不是個個都認識的。
I don't like both of them. (not both of them.)
這兩本小說,我不是都喜歡。
注:當all 與can not 或 won't 構成否定句式時,其否定不再發生轉移,而表示全部否定。
All the foreigners can not pass the borders without visas.
所有外國人沒有簽證均不能過境。
All the treatment won't make any help for her disease.
所有的治療對他的疾病都無用。
6. “否定主句+肯定式方式從句”中,主句和從句意思正好相反。
Whales are not fish, as many people think (so).
此處so=whales are fish(把as作為轉折理解就好記了。)
鯨不是魚,而許多人卻認為鯨是魚。
7. 主語是否定特征時,翻譯應根據具體情況確定。否定可以轉移,也可以不轉移。
Nobody who has ever seen good-quality color television can ever be completely happy with black and white again.
看過高質量彩色電視的人再也不可能對黑白電視感到滿足了。
n. 外表,外貌,出現,出場,露面