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5 different bacteria have been studied and
現在正在研究五種細菌和它們的功能
have known functions in the mouth, they include;
它們包括:
streptococcus mutans, pophyromonas gingivalis,
變異鏈球菌，牙齦卟啉單胞菌
capnocytophaga gingivalis, prevotella melaninogenica,
牙齦二氧化碳嗜纖維菌，產黑普氏菌
streptococcus mitis. These bacterial species have been
緩癥鏈球菌
found in higher concentrations with certain diseases.
在某種疾病的高濃聚物里已經發現了細菌
Also candida albicans, a type of yeast, has been found
白色念珠菌，是一種酵母，已經在口腔里
in the oral cavity and could have a role in oral
發現了，在口腔癌里也起到了作用
cancer.The first is streptococcus mutans which has
首先發現的是變異鏈球菌，可能引起蛀牙
been found to cause tooth decay. These bacteria digest
這些細菌消化食物中的糖和淀粉
the sugars and starches in foods and produce acids
產生溶解牙釉質的酸
which dissolve tooth enamel. When sucrose is present
當蔗糖出現時
plaque formation is increased by this bacteria thus
這種細菌就會增加空斑的形成，因此
a diet lower in table sugar is better for less plaque
在飲食中降低蔗糖，對減少菌斑形成很有益
formation.The second bacteria has been found to be
第二種細菌和牙周病
associated with periodontal or gum disease.
牙齦病有關
High levels found in adult periodontistis legions
成人牙周病很嚴重很普遍，以及很高的
as well as a high pathogenic potential make this
潛在致病性使得這種細菌
bacteria the main pathogen in periodontal diseases.
成為牙周病主要的病原體
There are many different strains of this bacteria that
這種細菌有許多種不同的菌株正在被研究
are being studied. This is one reason why keeping the
這也是為什么保持口腔干凈健康成為阻止
oral cavity clean and healthy is important to keep
這些細菌繁殖和形成新株種的
these bacteria from reproducing and forming new strands.
重要原因之一
3 other bacteria have also been studied, during a
還有三種其他的細菌也正在被研究
study done to determine the relationship between
在一個決定唾液腺細菌和口腔癌癥關系的
salivary microbes and oral cancer these 3 bacteria were
研究過程中，發現這三種細菌
found in much higher levels in oral cancer patients
存在于口腔癌癥患者中
than those without oral cancer. The study looked at
遠多于那些沒有患口腔癌癥的患者
40 different bacteria but these 3 showed signs of a
這項研究觀察了40多種不同的細菌
relationship. The increased numbers of these 3
但是這三種細菌顯示了它們之間的關系
bacteria predicted 80% of oral cancer cases among
這三種增加的細菌預示了在那些測試者中
those tested. As a result there could be a link between
有80%的口腔癌病例，因此
the bacteria in the mouth and cancer occurrence.
口腔細菌和患癌之間是有聯系的
This technique of measuring the bacteria in the mouth
這項衡量口腔細菌的技術
could become a diagnostic indicator of oral cancer.
將會成為口腔癌的診斷指標
Lastly candida albicans is a type of yeast that has
最后，白色念珠菌成為在口腔被發現的
been found in the oral cavity. Many of these strains
酵母菌的一種，許多這種菌株
are resistant to anti fungal agents. It has been found
都抵抗抗真菌藥，比起在健康的口腔
to be more prevalent in cancer cases rather than
癌癥案例中這種菌株更為普遍
healthy mouths. This yeast may invade the oral
這種酵母菌可能會入侵口腔上皮細胞
epithelium and may be involved in oral luekoplakia.
也可能涉及口腔黏膜白斑病
Candidal leukoplakias have been found to develop in 9
現在已經發現念珠菌白斑在口腔癌病例中
to 40% of oral cancer cases however the exact
從9%增值到40%,然而
mechanisms by which they work are not fully
它們具體是依靠什么機理如何起作用的
understood. So what exactly is oral cancer and who is
所以，具體什么是口腔癌，誰有風險患癌
at risk? What are common signs and symptoms? How is it
主要的跡象和癥狀是什么，它是如何診斷
diagnosed and treated and finally what are some ways
治療的，最后，如何預防它，我們還沒有
to prevent it? To begin, roughly 30000 Americans are
完全明白，開始，每年大約有3000名
diagnosed with oral cancer every year. This year alone
美國人被診斷出口腔癌，僅今年一年就有
there have been 39400 new cases and 7900 deaths. There
39400例新案例和7900例死亡病例
are between 350000 and 400000 new cases diagnosed
全世界每年大約有35萬到40萬例新案例
worldwide each year as well. 5 year survival rates for
口腔癌五年以上的存活率很低
oral cancer are very low, around 54% because of the
大約只有54% ,因為在癌癥轉移
difficulty to detect before the cancer has metastasized
或者擴散之前就檢測出來太困難了
or spread. Oral cancer kills one person every hour
口腔癌每小時就能殺死一個人
which is greater than the cancers of the cervix, brain,
這比子宮癌、腦癌、子房癌、睪丸癌、肝癌
ovary, testes, liver, kidney, malignant melanoma or
腎癌 、惡性黑色素瘤以及淋巴癌都要高
Hodgkin's Lymphoma. More importantly incidents
更重要的是，在美國和世界范圍內
in young adults is increasing in both the US and
青年人患癌也在增加，因此
worldwide so this is a very serious disease.
這是一種非常嚴重的疾病
