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Oral cancers are the 7th most common types of cancer
口腔癌是世界上第七種最常見(jiàn)的癌癥類(lèi)型
that occur world wide. The majority are oral squema
最主要的是口腔squema細(xì)胞癌
cell carcinomas, they consist of cancers that form
它們以口腔或者咽腔組織
in the tissues of the oral cavity or the oral pharynx,
的形式形成癌癥
this includes the lips, tongue, cheek linings, hard
這包括嘴唇，舌頭，面頰內(nèi)部
and soft palettes, salivary glands, gums and throat.
軟腭和硬腭，唾液腺，牙齦和喉嚨
75 to 80% of oral cancers are related to tobacco
75%到80%的口腔癌都和濫用煙酒有關(guān)
and alcohol use. The remaining oral cancers
剩下的不是由煙酒
not caused by tobacco or alcohol are typically
引起的口腔癌通常是由
caused by plaque surrounding the teeth and gums.
牙齒和牙齦周?chē)氖删咭鸬?/div>
There are many different risk factors for oral cancer;
口腔癌有很多不同的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素
African American males suffer the higher incidence and
非裔美國(guó)男人是所有人里面發(fā)病率最高
lowest survival rates among any group. The use of
存活率最低的群體
tobacco products greatly increases the risk of oral
吸食香煙和酗酒
cancer as well as heavy alcohol use. When both are
極大地增加了患口腔癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
used simultaneously the risk is 15 times higher.
當(dāng)兩者同時(shí)使用患(口腔癌)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高出15倍
Similarly with other cancers, risk increases with age.
與其他癌癥相似，這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)隨年齡遞增
Gender plays a role in oral cancer as well,
性別也起著同樣重要的作用
specifically, men over the age of 40 have a 3 times
特別是那些40歲以上的男人被診斷出
higher risk of being diagnosed than women. There are
患口腔癌的幾率比同齡婦女高出3倍
many different signs and symptoms to look for during
我們?cè)谡{(diào)查期間尋找到許多不同的標(biāo)志和癥狀
detection. Some of the main ones include sores, lumps
那些主要癥狀包括口腔疼痛
or ulcers in the mouth, pale or discolored tongue,
腫塊和潰瘍，舌頭或者嘴唇及嘴巴周?chē)l(fā)白
lips or area around the mouth, painful chewing or
脫色，咀嚼下咽疼痛并且頸部出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)腫大
swallowing and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. Many
許多人感覺(jué)到了嘴巴疼
times people will notice a sore mouth but will usually
但是他們并沒(méi)有
not take it too seriously and just wait for it to
把這當(dāng)回事
go away. During this period of waiting the cancer may
就等著讓它自己變好
be metastasizing or spreading. Oral cancer cells can
在這期間，癌癥將會(huì)很快轉(zhuǎn)移和擴(kuò)散
spread quickly to surrounding cells; they enter blood
口腔癌細(xì)胞會(huì)快速地向周細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散
vessels or lymph vessels which branch into all tissues
它們通過(guò)進(jìn)入在身體內(nèi)由血管和淋巴管
of the body. The cancer cells often appear first in
各個(gè)分支組成的組織
the nearby lymph nodes in the neck; cancerous cells
這些癌細(xì)胞通常首次出現(xiàn)在脖子的淋巴結(jié)附近
may attach to other tissues and grow to form new
癌細(xì)胞可能依附其他的組織并生長(zhǎng)成新腫瘤
tumors that may damage those tissues as well. For
這同樣會(huì)損害那些組織
example; if oral cancer spreads to the lungs it is not
例如，如果口腔癌擴(kuò)散到肺部
treated as oral cancer, it is simply referred to as a
就不能當(dāng)成口腔癌治療
metastatic oral cancer and is treated as oral cancer.
它僅僅被稱(chēng)作轉(zhuǎn)移性口腔癌并被當(dāng)作口腔癌
Diagnosis of oral cancers is difficult. Regular dental
口腔癌的診斷很困難
or doctor examinations usually discover many oral
定期牙科或常規(guī)體檢通常會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)許多
cancers. Some of the tests used to confirm the
口腔癌病人，一些測(cè)試常用來(lái)證實(shí)這種診斷
diagnosis include a gum or tongue biopsy as well as
包括牙齦，舌頭的檢查以及
x-rays, CT scans, MRI or PET scans to determine if the
使用X光 CT MRI或PET掃描等
cancer has spread. Whether the cancer is an early
設(shè)備判斷口腔癌是否擴(kuò)散
cancer or advanced cancer depends on the stage.
是早期癌癥還是晚期癌癥取決于階段
Early cancers are either stage 1 or 2 and usually
早期癌癥要么是第一階段要么是第二階段
consist of a small tumor, smaller than a walnut.
由一些小腫塊構(gòu)成，體積比胡桃還小
Also no cancer cells are found in the lymph nodes.
然而淋巴結(jié)里沒(méi)有癌細(xì)胞
Advanced cancers have reached stage 3 or 4 and are
晚期癌癥已經(jīng)到達(dá)第三或第四階段
usually a large tumor, as big as a lime. The cancer
由如酸橙一般的大腫塊構(gòu)成
may have invaded nearby tissues, spread to lymph nodes
并且癌細(xì)胞可能已經(jīng)侵入了附近的組織
or spread to other parts of the body. After the
擴(kuò)散到了淋巴結(jié)或身體的其他部位
diagnosis is made a treatment plan can be made.
隨后，治療方案隨著診斷的證實(shí)而落實(shí)
