評論
打印
Explain the concept of ritualization using the example of dogs discussed by the professor.
請以教授討論過的狗為例解釋儀式化的概念。
Now read the passage about a topic in zoology.
請閱讀這篇關于動物學中一個話題的文章。
You will have 50 seconds to read the passage. Begin reading now.
你將有50秒的時間閱讀文章。現在開始計時。
Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a zoology class.
現在請聽動物學課上關于這個話題的部分內容。
Let's start with an example you may be familiar with.
在這堂課開頭，我先講一個你們可能都覺得熟悉的例子吧。
What's one thing dogs typically do when they feel threatened? When they want to protect themselves.
當狗感覺自己受到了威脅，當它們想要保護自己的時候，它們通常會做的一件事是什么呢？
That's right, they show their teeth. And when we see this, we know this behavior means basically stay away.
沒錯，它們會露出自己的牙齒。而當我們看見這一現象時就知道，這種行為基本上是在說 “走開！”
Now, here's how this behavior became a recognizable warning.
下面我要講的就是這種行為是如何成為一種極具辨識度的警告的。
A long long time ago, a dog sensing danger would get ready to bite whatever animal was threatening it.
很久很久以前，有這么一只狗，無論面前威脅著它的是什么動物，一旦察覺到危險，它都會準備好上前撕咬。
It started by baring its teeth, but the purpose of doing this was something very simple:
它首先會露出牙齒，不過狗這么做的原因很簡單：
the dog instinctively was making sure it wouldn't bite its own lips when it bit the other animal, ok?
它只是下意識地確保自己在咬其他動物的時候不會咬到自己的嘴唇，懂了嗎？
But what happened, other dogs, other animals, over time,
但是接下來發生的事情就是：其他的狗，其他的動物，
they learned that this teeth baring always came before a dog was going to bite,
慢慢發現在這只狗咬它們之前總是會先把牙齒露出來，
and so they started to read it as a signal to be careful, to keep away, or risk getting bitten.
于是它們就開始把這種行為理解成要小心的信號，這種行為一出現就說明它們該走開了，不然就要承擔被咬的風險。
This scenario, repeated time after time also led to the dog's awareness that simply showing its teeth,
這種情節一次次重復上演之后，這只狗也意識到了，
a lot of the time that was protection enough.
很多時候單單把牙齒露出來就足夠保護它自己了。
What had been a simple physical preparation to bite had developed into a kind of defense mechanism in and of itself.
曾經只是一種撕咬之前所做的簡單身體準備，后來便發展成了狗的一種防御機制。
The dog learned it did not need to actually attack;
這只狗發現它并不需要真正進行攻擊，
but could get the right result from just communicating the possibility of attack through showing its teeth.
反而僅僅通過露出牙齒向其他生物展示攻擊的可能性，就能獲得滿意的結果。
It started to use this behavior as a warning signal.
接著它便開始把這種行為用作一種警告信號。
