America in Postwar Era (1945-1980s) 二次大戰后的美國

1）Origins of the Cold War冷戰的起源

①time: began with the ending of the WW II; Causes: caused by conflicts between the U.S. and the S.U. arose basically from their separate concepts of postwar world order; the different policy: During the Cold War, the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against communism. And the Soviet Union believed it should rapidly build up its strength for the final struggle against capitalism.

時間：二戰結束后；原因：美蘇之間的沖突基本源于他們對戰后世界秩序的不同想法；不同政策：在冷戰期間，美國政府支持任何一個表示反對共產主義的國家。蘇聯相信必須迅速增強自己的實力，同資本主義做最后的抗爭。

②George Kennan (proposed the containment policy on February 22,1946)and the containment policy: the containment policy became the official policy towards the Soviet Union until 1989.

1946年2月22日，美國駐蘇聯大使喬治。凱南在他的電報中主張對蘇聯采取遏制政策。此后遏制政策作為美國對蘇聯的官方政策。

2)The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan杜魯門主義和馬歇爾計劃。

①the Truman Doctrine: the U.S government should support any country which said it was fighting against communism. It was put forward by the U.S. President Truman in 1947

杜魯門主義：美國政府將會支持任何一個表示反對共產主義的國家。這是美國總統杜魯門1947年提出的

②The Marshall Plan: In order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the U.S. decided to offer Western European countries economic aid. It was announced by Secretary of State George Marshall on June 5, 1947.

馬歇爾計劃：為了保護西歐不受蘇聯擴張影響，美國決定給予西歐國家經濟支援，這是由國務

卿馬歇爾于1947.

3）Effects of McCarthyism (麥卡錫主義1950-1954) of on American society

McCarthy used “big lie”tactic to persecute progressive people. He said he had the names of over 200 Communists in the State Department. His lies caused full-scale, anti-Communist hysteria in America and frightened a large number of ordinary Americans.

麥卡錫用彌天大謊這一伎倆迫害進步改革人士。他聲稱掌握了200共產黨人的名單。他的謊言過于極端，反對共產黨人的歇斯底里導致美國民眾的極度恐慌。

4)the postwar boom in the U.S.

Since 1945 the U.S. had entered a twenty-five years economic boom. The cornerstones(支柱產業) were the automobile, housing and defense industries. During this period, the economy grew at an average rate of 3.5 percent per year. The nation’s GNP rose from just over $200 billion in 1946 to close to $1 trillion in 1970. Crucial to the postwar economic boom was the baby boom—the upsurge in births and military spending. More than 63 million babies were born between 1946 and 1961 in the U.S. and this increased consumption.

自1945年以來，美國經濟進入了長達25年的繁榮期，經濟繁榮的基本為汽車，住房和國防工業。這期間，經濟以平均每年3.5%增長。國民生產總值從1946的稍高于2千億美圓增長到1970的近1萬億美元。對戰后經濟增長至關重要的是生育高峰—出生高峰和軍隊開支。6350萬以上的嬰兒在1946-1961年出生。

5)U.S China relations (1949-1972)

①The Taiwan issue and U.S. support of Chiang Kai-shek: the Taiwan problem was been a key problem in U.S –China relations. The U.S. provided Chiang with military aid.

②change in U.S policy towards China from Nixon’visit in 1972

③normalization and remaining problems（關系正常化和現存問題）：Soon after the establishment of diplomatic relations with China in 1979, the U.S. Congress adopted the Taiwan Relations Act(臺灣關系法) which violator the spirit of the agreement for the establishment of diplomatic relations.

6)The New Right and their program新右派及其綱領

the New Right consists of two groups of people: the firm believers protestant religious teachings(新教教義) who were concerned with social and moral issues; and the intellectuals who were concerned with political and foreign policy issues. The New Right demanded equal time in school for the teaching of man created by God as opposed to the teaching of evolution(對相反的上帝造人說和進化論實行等學時教育). They opposed abortion(人工流產) and “affirmative action”(在就業及入學方面優侍黑人及其他少數民族的行動。)