6)Powers of the Senate: the Senate has the power to ①introduced legislation on any subject except revenue bills (除了稅收法案). It has the authority to ②confirm or reject predidential appointments(總統(tǒng)任命) of high officials as well as the U.S. foreign treaties. ③Its chairman is the Vice President.
參議院權利：1立法除稅收。還有一些特殊權利：2批準或否決總統(tǒng)任命的高級官員及外交條約；領導人是副總統(tǒng)。

7)The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the U.S shall be vested in one Supreme Court. The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the Supreme Court, 11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction. U.S.judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
根據(jù)憲法規(guī)定，美國的司法權屬于最高法院，司法體系結(jié)構為：最高法院，11個上訴法院，91個地方法院，3個有特殊司法權的法院，美國的法官是由總統(tǒng)任命并由參議院批準的。

8)The two-party system and the characteristics of the two major parties
①the two-party system:the two party system means that the two major political parties — now the Democrats and the Republicans — compete with each other to dominate politics at the federal, state, and local levels.
兩黨制意味著兩個主要的政黨—目前為民主黨和共和黨—支配著聯(lián)邦、州及地方的政治舞臺。
②the characteristics of the two major parties:The two major parties are not very different today. They are two coalitions of interests and interest groups(利益集團的聯(lián)合). There is no strict party discipline(黨紀). One does not have to apply or go through necessary formalities to become a member of either party. But there are some differences between them. The Democrats traditionally favour government intervention (主張政府干涉經(jīng)濟)while the Republicans stress the role of the market (市場作用)more. On social issue the Democrats support a strong social security system (社會安全保障體制) while the Republicans oppose large governmental social security programs. In spite of these differenes, the two parties both believe in individualism, defend capitalism and uphold private ownership of means of production(堅持生產(chǎn)資料私有制) .
兩個主要政黨今天并沒有實質(zhì)區(qū)別。他們是利益集團的聯(lián)合。沒有嚴格的黨紀。要想成為某黨成員，不需要申請或辦理必要的手續(xù)。但他們有所不同。民主黨主張政府干涉，共和黨則強調(diào)市場作用。在社會問題上，民主黨支持建立強大的社會保障體系，而共和黨反對大規(guī)模的政府社會保障計劃。盡管存在這些區(qū)別，兩黨都信仰個人主義，保護資本主義制度，維護生產(chǎn)資料私有制。