1)Economic growth in the early 20th century

①tremendous growth of the American economy(between the end of the civil war and 1900): Steam and electricity replaced human muscle,steel took the place of iron.Machines and oil were used.People and goods could move by railroads.in 1900 it became the largest producer of coal and steel in the world.內戰結束到1900年間，美國經濟取得了巨大發展；蒸汽和電力取代了人力，鋼取代了鐵。機器和石油得到了應用，客運和貨運可以通過鐵路進行。煤和鐵以巨大產量位居世界之首。

②features in the growth of the economy:

1) there emerged a growth of industrial and financial mergers. By 1910, incorporation had become the dominant type;

2)With the development of industry and the extension of railroad network,there was a mushroom growth of cities and urbanization;

3)there was a rapid development of new technology. The automobile and radio also developed. America was on the way of becoming a nation on wheels.

經濟發展的特點：

1）出現了工業和金融合并發展的勢頭。到1910年，聯合企業已成為主導形式；

2）隨著工業和鐵路網絡的擴張，城市如雨后春筍般發展起來（都市化）；

3）新工業技術的發展迅猛。汽車和無線電也發展起來，美國正在成為一個車輪上的國家。

2)progressivism and some of the reform efforts.

Progressivism, also known as the Progressive Movement, appeared in America at the turn of the 20th century. It demanded government regulation(規范) of the economy and social conditions –social area:to improve living conditions of the poor, to ban child labour, work hour limit for women workers,and industrial accident insurance. Political area:to reform state and city governments and economic area:to regulate big businesses.

進步運動出現在20世紀初，是一場要求政府調控經濟和社會生活條件的運動—社會領域：改善城市貧民的居住條件，禁止使用童工，政治領域：改革市政府和州政府，經濟領域：調控大型企業。

①the Muckrakers and Progressive Movement: The Muckrakers, a group of reform-minded journalists,made investigations and exposed various dark sides of society.Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political,social, and economic reforms.

搜集并揭發丑聞的人，是一群銳意改革的新聞記者，調查和揭露了社會的陰暗面。進步運動不是一場具有明確目標的有組織的運動，而是政治，社會以及經濟改革方面一系列不同形式的努力。