6)Consequences of territorial expansion and the westward Movement 領(lǐng)土擴(kuò)張和西進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)

①forced England to give up the Old Northwest;迫使英格蘭放棄舊西北地區(qū)

②Purchased the Louisiana from Nepoleon.(1790’s) 向拿破倫購買路易斯安那州

③forced Spain to cede Florida and the Gulf coast.迫使西班牙放棄弗羅里達(dá)和墨西哥海岸。

④Texas added to the Union(1845).1845,德克薩斯加入聯(lián)邦

⑤Obtained California and New Mexico From Mexico by the war with Mexico (1846-1848)從墨西哥戰(zhàn)爭1846-4848，得到加利福尼亞和新墨西哥。

⑥The Gadsden Purchase(1853)

another 30,000 square miles of Mexican land were added to the territory of the U.S., in return,the U.S. paid 10 million dollars.1853年的‘加滋登購地’中，又有3萬平方英里的墨西哥變成了美國領(lǐng)土，美國付了1千萬美圓的補(bǔ)償。

7)The American Civil War and its impaction on the development of the U.S 美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

①The conflict between the North and the South: In the early 1800’s, black slavery disappeared in the north because of industry development. But it continued to exist in the South. In the South, farming remained the most important way of making a living and the planter farmed a large area of land. Slave labors seemed best suited for producing these crops.19世紀(jì)早期，由于工業(yè)的發(fā)展，黑奴在北方消失。但在南方仍然存在。在南方，農(nóng)耕是最主要的謀生手段，農(nóng)場(chǎng)主耕種了大片土地。奴隸勞動(dòng)力似乎最適于這些農(nóng)作物的生產(chǎn)。

②The Compromise of 1850: the North and the South allowed California to be accepted as a free state while ordering the returning of runaway slaves to the masters.1850年通過了一個(gè)折中的方案：同意加利福尼亞為自治州，將逃跑的努力歸還主人。

③Abraham Lincoln (亞伯拉罕. 林肯)：Soon after Lincoln Became the U.S. President, the War broke out on April 12, 1861.He realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation in 1863.Thus England and France stood by the Union’s side. Many black slaves joined the Union Army. 亞伯拉罕. 林肯:當(dāng)林肯成為美國總統(tǒng)后，1861.4.12爆發(fā)戰(zhàn)爭，他意識(shí)到可以把戰(zhàn)爭變?yōu)榉磁`的正義戰(zhàn)爭，從而獲得國內(nèi)外對(duì)聯(lián)邦的支持。所以他頒布了著名的《解放宣言》。這樣英法各國站到了聯(lián)邦一邊，許多黑奴加入了聯(lián)邦軍。

Lincoln’s speech: “That government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”民有，民治，民享的政府是不會(huì)從地球上消亡的。The Thirteenth Amendment, which banned slavery, was added to the Constitution in December,1865.廢除奴隸制的第十三修正案于1865年12月寫入憲法。

④Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil War 內(nèi)戰(zhàn)后資本主義的迅速發(fā)展

After the war, the U.S. saw great developments in Industry, agriculture, science and technology, and population.

⑤reasons: a stable political environment after the war was over; enough labour supply after black slaves were free; new immigrants; Science and invention played a very important role in accelerating America’s industrial development; the federal government put high taxes on foreign imports; the Rich natural resources.原因：戰(zhàn)后穩(wěn)定的政治環(huán)境；黑奴自由，新移民都提供了足夠的勞動(dòng)力；科學(xué)和發(fā)明在美國的工業(yè)發(fā)展中起到重要作用；聯(lián)邦政府對(duì)進(jìn)口商品課以高稅，豐富的自然資源。

⑥consequences: Both production and capital became increasingly concentrated.生產(chǎn)和資本越來越集中。