4）The American War of Independence and its consequences.美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭極其影響

①the causes: With the development of economy, the people in the colonies wanted more power to determine their own business. But the policy of the British government was to bring the development under control and collect more taxes from the colonies.原因：隨著經濟的發(fā)展，殖民地人民要求更多的自決權。而英國政府的政策是要把經濟發(fā)展控于股掌，并向殖民地征收更多的稅。

②the Boston Tea Party(波士頓茶葉事件): In 1773, several dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships of the British East India Company and threw the tea into the harbor. 1773年，幾十名波士頓居民化裝成印第安人，登上英國東印度公司的船，將茶葉傾入海中。

③the First continental Congress: In September 1774, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods. 第一屆大陸會議：1774年9月，在費城召開，鼓勵美國人抵制英貨。

④Lexington and Concord(列克星頓和康克特)：The War of Independence began at there in 1775.

⑤The Second Continental Congress(three weeks after the battle at Lexington in 1775 ):founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of Washington; appointed a committee to draft a formal declaration(Thomas Jefferson was the man who draft it), the Declaration of Independence, And adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.第二次大陸會議（1775年的列克星頓戰(zhàn)役三周之后）：建立了大陸軍和海軍，任命華盛頓為總司令；指定了一個委員會負責起草一份正式宣言（托馬斯。杰斐遜起草），1776.6.4，通過了獨立宣言。

⑥The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke.宣言清晰地解釋了指導這場革命的政治理論，這一理論源于英國哲學家約翰。洛克。

⑦The consequences: IN September ,1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed. Britain recognized the independence of the United States; the war was from 1775 to 1781, it shows that, in a just war, a weak nation can defeat a strong one. American people gained independence and capitalism developed in America. It also had great international influence.意

義：1783年9月，《巴黎條約》簽署，英國承認美國獨立；戰(zhàn)爭從1775-1781，表明，在一場正義的戰(zhàn)爭中，弱者可以戰(zhàn)勝強者。美國人民獲得了獨立，資本主義得到發(fā)展。同時具有深遠的國際影響。

5)Establishment of a federal form of government: 聯(lián)邦政府的建立

①The Articles of Confederation was unusual in many ways.1)it provided for no king;2)while the Articles created a central government in the form of a Congress, the emphasis was still on state powers.3)the Articles of Confederation was a written constitution for the U.S.. But there were serious weaknesses, it was difficult to carry on the business of the government without someone to do the executive’s job. Congress was too large a body to function as government. And Congress had no power to raise taxes. A conference was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. 十三洲聯(lián)邦憲法的不同之處在于：1）沒有采用君主立憲制；2）確立了國會形式的中央政府，但仍以洲治為主；3）是美國的明文憲法。但也存在嚴重缺陷：無人主持行政工作，政府事務很難執(zhí)行。國會體制龐大，無法起到政府職能，國會無權提高稅收。1787年5月于費城召開了一次大會，討論如何改進十三洲聯(lián)邦憲法。

②The Great Compromise(on July 16,1787): gave each state an equal vote in the Senate but making representation in the House reflect the size of each state’s population.1787.7.16出臺的大折中：賦予各州在參議院中同樣的選舉權,而眾議院中的代表人數(shù)則根據各州的人口決定。

③The Bill of Rights (1791)，became the first ten amendments to the constitution of the American constitutional—the Bill of Rights. By then, it is agreed, the foundation of the American constitutional system was completed.1791年通過的，成為對《憲法》最早的十項修正案—人權法案。一般認為至此美國憲法體制的建立全部完成。

④the first Congress: met in New York In 1789.

the first President: Washington