評論
打印
Listen to part of a lecture in an education class. The professor is discussing the Italian educator Maria Montessori.
請聽一段教育課程講座節(jié)選。教授正在談?wù)撘獯罄逃椰斃麐I·蒙臺梭利。
Ok, if you did your reading for today, then you were introduced to a very influential alternative to traditional education.
好的，如果你們完成了今天的閱讀材料，就會了解到一種與傳統(tǒng)教育截然不同的重要替代方案。
This educational philosophy and methodology was pioneered in Italy in the early 1900s by Doctor Maria Montessori. It's called the Montessori Method.
這種教育哲學(xué)和方法論由瑪利婭·蒙臺梭利博士于20世紀(jì)初在意大利開創(chuàng)，被稱為蒙臺梭利教學(xué)法。
But what made the Montessori Method for young children so different? What made it so different, so special?
但蒙臺梭利幼兒教育法究竟有何不同？它為何如此獨特、如此非凡？
It's based on very different ideas about how kids learn best, right?
答案在于它基于完全不同的兒童最佳學(xué)習(xí)理念，對吧？
Um-hmm... It was groundbreaking. To begin with, unlike the traditional classrooms at the time, the Montessori classroom environment was more suited to the child.
嗯...確實具有開創(chuàng)性。首先，與當(dāng)時的傳統(tǒng)教室不同，蒙臺梭利教室的環(huán)境更貼合兒童需求。
The furniture was child-sized. Well, it's that way in almost all schools now, but that wasn't always the case.
裝置尺寸專為兒童設(shè)計。如今幾乎所有學(xué)校都如此，但當(dāng)時并非這樣。
We can thank Montessori for this. You won't see any long benches with children in rows or heavy desks that separate children. Children are free to interact with each other.
我們要感謝蒙臺梭利帶來這一改變。你不會看到排成長列的固定長凳或分隔兒童的重型課桌。孩子們可以自由互動。
And in Montessori classrooms, the furniture is lightweight, so children can move it around easily, and having furniture and materials made to fit them, makes kids feel more competent.
蒙臺梭利教室的裝置很輕，所以孩子們很容易移動，專為他們設(shè)計的裝置和教具能讓孩子感受到勝任力。
This fits in with Montessori's notion of liberty and autonomy. Children are free to move around the room and they learn to do things for themselves.
這契合蒙臺梭利“自由與自主”的理念。兒童可在教室自由活動，學(xué)習(xí)獨立完成任務(wù)。
I'm not sure I get that part. It sounds like potential chaos.
這部分我不太理解，聽起來可能導(dǎo)致混亂。
Oh, no, no, no. Let's not confuse this liberty of activity with lack of discipline.
不不不，千萬別把這種活動自由與缺乏紀(jì)律混為一談。
In fact, teachers have to maintain this specific environment carefully through a number of rules, which are generally about respect and what's right.
實際上，教師需要通過一系列規(guī)則精心維護這個特殊環(huán)境，這些規(guī)則通常關(guān)于尊重與正當(dāng)行為。
It's just that the child needs freedom of choice to develop independence and self-direction.
兒童需要選擇自由來發(fā)展獨立性和自我導(dǎo)向能力。
Also, unlike what happens in most conventional classrooms, children choose their own activities.
此外，與大多數(shù)傳統(tǒng)課堂不同，蒙臺梭利的兒童可以自主選擇活動。
They may be guided by the teacher, but it's ultimately up to each child to select tasks, which brings us to the manipulative equipment you find in a Montessori classroom, like little boards that have rough or smooth surfaces, or blocks that can be stacked into a tower.
他們可能在教師引導(dǎo)下進行，但最終由每個孩子決定任務(wù)選擇，這就引出了蒙臺梭利教室中的操作教具，比如帶有粗糙或光滑表面的小木板，或是可堆疊成塔的積木。
Now this equipment was designed by Montessori over time with much experimentation, designed... well, designed to help children teach themselves through playing.
這些教具是蒙臺梭利通過長期實驗設(shè)計的，旨在幫助兒童通過玩耍自主學(xué)習(xí)。
Well, what do the teachers do? I mean if the kids are teaching themselves.
那教師做什么呢？我是說如果孩子們都在自學(xué)的話。
Ah, well, that's a good question. To start, a child may not work with an activity until the teacher has demonstrated its proper use.
啊，好問題！首先，兒童必須在教師示范正確使用方法后才能操作教具。
Then the Montessori teacher's job is to observe the child's play, because when the children play, they are acquiring the bases for later concepts.
蒙臺梭利教師的主要職責(zé)是觀察兒童游戲，因為當(dāng)孩子玩耍時，他們正在為未來概念建立基礎(chǔ)。
So the teacher helps motivate and focus each child and monitors the child's progress, but does not interfere with the child's observations and deductions.
因此，教師負(fù)責(zé)激勵、聚焦每個孩子的注意力并追蹤進度，但不會干預(yù)孩子的觀察與推理過程。
That was and still is a novel idea, and for many teachers not the easiest thing to do. In facts, for some, it's very difficult.
這一理念在當(dāng)時乃至現(xiàn)在都堪稱創(chuàng)新，對許多教師而言絕非易事，有些人甚至覺得非常困難。
Montessori herself called the teacher a director. Remember, the independence of the learner lies at the heart of the Montessori methodology.
蒙臺梭利本人將教師稱為“引導(dǎo)者”。記住，學(xué)習(xí)者的獨立性是蒙臺梭利方法論的核心。
Ok, yeah, it does seem like that the teacher need a lot of training and patience.
確實，這樣的教師需要大量培訓(xùn)和耐心。
True. As I said, it is not easy for a lot of teachers to step back like that, but getting back to the equipment.
沒錯。如我所言，許多教師難以做到如此放手。回到教具話題。
Basic Montessori equipment can be divided into a number of major subject areas such as practical life, mathematics and what is called sensorial.
基礎(chǔ)的蒙臺梭利教具可分為幾個主要學(xué)科領(lǐng)域，如生活實踐、數(shù)學(xué)和感官訓(xùn)練。
With a sensorial equipment, the children can explore things like sounds and textures. At the same time, they develop motor skills.
通過感官教具，兒童可以探索聲音、質(zhì)地等元素，同時發(fā)展運動技能。
But this apparent play is laying the groundwork for the later math and language work.
這種看似游戲的行為正為日后的數(shù)學(xué)和語言學(xué)習(xí)奠定基礎(chǔ)。
Now let's take a look at the materials called brown stairs. For a young child playing with this graduated blocks, these brown stairs, they are not just a sensorial lesson.
接下里我們以“棕色階梯”教具為例：幼兒擺弄這些漸變色積木，也就是棕色階梯時，接受的不僅僅是感官訓(xùn)練。
By manipulating them, the child develops fine motor skills and by sorting and classifying them by size, by weight, the child learns some basic mathematics.
通過操縱它們，孩子發(fā)展了精細(xì)動作技能，通過按尺寸、重量分類，學(xué)習(xí)到了一些基礎(chǔ)數(shù)學(xué)。
Similarly, with practical-life equipment, the child can learn how to button a shirt, cut up an apple for a snack and other real-world tasks.
同理，使用生活實踐教具時，孩子能學(xué)習(xí)扣襯衫、切蘋果做小食等其他現(xiàn)實技能。
With all this integration and real-world learning, is there any room for creativity?
在這種整合式現(xiàn)實學(xué)習(xí)中，還有創(chuàng)造力發(fā)展的空間嗎？
Is creativity encouraged? Well, Montessori teachers wouldn’t praise a child for using a violin as a baseball bat or for putting their head like a hat.
會鼓勵創(chuàng)造力嗎？蒙臺梭利教師不會表揚把提琴當(dāng)球棒，或把其當(dāng)帽子戴的行為。
But actually, creativity comes through learning to play the violin, using the object for the purpose that was intended and practical life exercises stress that.
但事實上，創(chuàng)造力正體現(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)正確使用小提琴演奏上，以及通過生活實踐練習(xí)掌握物品的真實用途。
