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But against these benefits, there are costs to weigh.
但在這些利益背后，還有代價(jià)需要權(quán)衡。
Far from reducing congestion by encouraging people to give up their cars, as many had hoped, ride-hailing seems to increase it.
優(yōu)步?jīng)]有向很多人希望的那樣，通過(guò)鼓勵(lì)人們不要自己開(kāi)車來(lái)緩解交通，約車服務(wù)似乎使交通擁堵變得更加嚴(yán)重。
Bruce Schaller, a transport consultant, estimates that over half of all Uber and Lyft trips in big American cities
交通顧問(wèn)布魯斯·夏勒估計(jì)在美國(guó)大城市中，超過(guò)半數(shù)的優(yōu)步和來(lái)福車出行
would otherwise have been made on foot or by bike, bus, subway or train.
都本可以通過(guò)步行、自行車、公交車、地鐵或火車進(jìn)行。
He reckons that ride-hailing services add 2.8 vehicle miles of driving in those cities for every mile they subtract.
他認(rèn)為，在這些城市中，它們的行程每縮減一公里，約車就要多跑2.8公里。
A new working paper by John Barrios of the University of Chicago and Yael Hochberg and Hanyi Yi of Rice University
芝加哥大學(xué)的John Barrios以及萊斯大學(xué)的Yael Hochberg和Hanyi Yi的一篇新工作論文
spells out one deadly consequence of this increase in traffic. Using data from the federal transport department,
明確說(shuō)明了交通增長(zhǎng)所導(dǎo)致的致命后果。根據(jù)聯(lián)邦交通部的數(shù)據(jù)
they find that the introduction of ride-sharing to a city is associated with an increase in vehicle-miles travelled, petrol consumption and car registrations—
他們發(fā)現(xiàn)向一座城市引入拼車和汽車行駛里程、汽油消耗量以及車輛注冊(cè)的增加有關(guān)聯(lián)—
and a 3.5% jump in fatal car accidents. At a national level, this translates into 987 extra deaths a year.
并且致命交通事故增加了3.5%。從全國(guó)范圍來(lái)看，這個(gè)比例相當(dāng)于每年車禍死亡增加987例。
What could be done to tip the balance back to benefits overall? "Congestion pricing is the most direct solution," says Jonathan Hall of the University of Toronto.
怎樣才能扭轉(zhuǎn)平衡讓整體受益呢？“高峰期行車收費(fèi)是最直接的解決方案，”多倫多大學(xué)的Jonathan Hall說(shuō)道。
Several cities, including London, Stockholm and Singapore, have moved in this direction, charging drivers for entering busy areas at peak hours.
包括倫敦、斯德哥爾摩和新加坡在內(nèi)的幾個(gè)城市已經(jīng)開(kāi)始朝這個(gè)方向行動(dòng)，向那些在高峰期駛?cè)敕泵Φ貐^(qū)的司機(jī)收費(fèi)。
If ride-hailing firms tweaked their pricing to encourage carpooling, that would help, too.
如果約車公司調(diào)整價(jià)格鼓勵(lì)拼車，也是有幫助的。
One of the worst things a city can do, says Mr Barrios, is to cap the number of ride-hailing cars on their streets, as New York did in August.
一個(gè)城市可以做的最糟糕的事情之一，Barrios表示，就是限制路上約車的數(shù)量，就像8月份紐約所做的那樣。
That marked a step back towards the days when barriers to entering the taxi market were high and competition was low.
這是退步回到了那些出租車市場(chǎng)進(jìn)入要求高，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力低的日子。
A dismal outcome, as most right-thinking economists would agree.
多數(shù)頭腦正常的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家都會(huì)認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)慘淡的結(jié)果。
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