12. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today's people — especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. foe many generations — apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.
【分析】復合句。句子主干為 today's people reached their limit。句首的 though 引導讓步狀語;破折號之間的部分為插入語,補充說明 today's people,其中包括 who 引導的定語從句修飾。
【譯文】盡管總的來說,美國人的身高比140年前高出大約二英寸,但他們——特別是那些出生于在美國生活了幾代的家庭的人——其身高顯然在20世紀60年代初期已達到極限,不可能再增長。
13.But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height.
【分析】復合句。as 引導時間狀語從句,主句主干為 children and adolescents have increased in height。on average 為插入語;補充說明主句,其中過去分詞結構 a pattern known as...作 a pattern 的后置定語。
【譯文】但是隨著飲食和健康水平的提高,兒童和青少年的平均身高每20年增加大約1.5英寸,這種模式被稱作“身高長期增長趨勢”。
【點撥】on average 意為“平均起來,一般來說”,也可說成 on an average。該短語在句中的位置比較靈活,可以放在句首、句中和句尾。
【臨摹】在全世界,美國人平均身高是最高的。