26. Coinciding with the ground breaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution.
【分析】簡單句。句子主干為 Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory。句首的現在分詞短語 Coinciding with...in the 1860s 作伴隨狀語,其中的過去分詞短語 proposed by...1860s 作 theory of biological and cultural evolution 的后置定語。
【譯文】在英國博物學家查爾斯·達爾文于19世紀60年代提出開創性的生物凈化論的同時,英國社會哲學家郝伯特·斯賓塞也推出了他自己的關于生物和文化進化的理論。
【點撥】1) coincide with 意為“同時發生;符合;與...一致”。2) ground breaking 義同 innovative,指“開創性的”。3)naturalist 除作“自然主義者;自然主義作家(或藝術家)”講,還有“博物學家”的意思。4) put forward 意為“提出”,同 propose。
【臨摹】我驚奇地發現我的生日與約翰的生日碰巧是同一時間。
27. He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest", in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
【分析】多重復合句。句子主干為 He argued that....that 引導 argued 的賓語從句,其中 he called the "survival of the fittest" 為省略關系詞的定語從句,修飾 struggle; which 引導非限定性定語從句,也修飾 struggle。
【譯文】他認為,人類進化的特點是他稱之為“適者生存”的斗爭。在這場戰爭中,弱小的種族和社會最終將被更強大、更先進的種族和社會所取代。
【點撥】1) be characterized by 意為“以...為特征”。2)eventually“最后,終于”。
【臨摹】歐也妮·葛朗臺淋漓盡致地體現出守財奴的特點是貪婪。