21. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.

【分析】復(fù)合句。句子主干為 the interaction and confrontation...transforms...claim into...discovery。as 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。主句中 between...involved 作定語，修飾主語 the interaction and confrontation。

【譯文】當(dāng)一個發(fā)現(xiàn)申明通過了科學(xué)界的層層考驗，與之相關(guān)的科學(xué)和技術(shù)所共有和沖突的信念間相互作用、相互對抗，使個人申明的發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)化成為科學(xué)界可信的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

22. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.

【分析】復(fù)合句。句子主干為 work tends to focus on...，that 引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾 knowledge。

【譯文】第一，科學(xué)工作傾向于針對現(xiàn)有的知識中被認(rèn)為不完全或不正確的某個方向。

【點撥】prevailing“普遍的；流行的”。