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美國歷史《我們的故事》第一集反抗者11:波士頓傾茶事件(下)

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Text:Among them are John Adams, Patrick Henry, and a gentleman landowner from Virginia named George.At a time when our lordly masters in Great Britain will be satisfied with nothing less than the deprivation of American freedom, it seems highly necessary that something should be done to maintain liberty. Across New England, people prepare to defend themselves. Smuggled arms are collected and stashed in secret hideaways. But while many expect conflict, most delegates in Philadelphia want peace with Britain. A military action would make a wound that would never be healed. That's good, we don't have all day, let's go, come on. The First Continental Congress resol ves that a British attack on any one colony will be regarded as an attack on all of them. What emerges at Philadelphia is solidarity. The distinctions between Virginians,Pennsylvanians, New Englanders, and New Yorkers are no more. I'm not a Virginian. I am an American. The future of the 13 American colonies hangs in the balance.Spring 1775. Near Concord, Massachusetts. Get in here, get those weapons stacked up. We haven't got all day. Local gunsmith Isaac Davis puts the town militia through basic training. The American patriots knew that they were doing the right thing. You're starting the birth of a nation. You had to really believe in what you were doing. You've gotta keep this clean here, sir. If you keep that clean, it'll save your life. If war comes, this will be America's first line of defense. A volunteer home guard with weapons paid for by local citizens. Gentlemen, it's looking good, it's looking good. Let's have some breakfast and move out. They're farmers, blacksmiths, and store owners. A fightin g force of ordinary Americans. The militiamen of any of the colonies were made up of just its citizens. It was a citizen -based protection unit. And some of them had some skills, but some of them were just the carpenters. Some of them were just the mason or the blacksmith. I mean, these were the guys that-- they had something at stake to protect their colony. So they started to form together, just trying to help protect each other. Every town across the colonies has its own militia,but now they're preparing to defend themselves against the British Army. Better than yesterday, better than yesterday. For six generations across Massachusetts, men are expected to serve as militiamen. In Massachusetts, 1/3 of all men between 16 and 50 are ready to bear arms at a minute's notice. Excellent, good shot. We keep this up, we're gonna give those redcoats a scare, all right?《美國簡史》系本紀錄片歷史背景
譯文:他們中有約翰·亞當斯,帕德里克·亨利和來自弗吉尼亞的鄉紳喬治·華盛頓。當大不列顛頤指氣使的主人們不徹底剝奪我們美國人的自由就不愿罷休的時候,行動起來保衛自由成為當務之急。整個新英格蘭地區人們準備奮起自衛,走私槍械被集中藏在隱蔽地點。不過,與許多民眾期待戰爭的心理相反,大多數費城會議的代表希望與英國和解,軍事行動會造成永遠無法愈合的創傷。好了,沒時間了,我們走。第一次大陸會議達成決議,英國對任一北美殖民地的攻擊將被視為對全體殖民地的攻擊。費城會議沉浸在團結的氣氛之中,弗吉尼亞人,賓夕法尼亞人,新英格蘭人,紐約人之間的界限將不復存在。我不是弗吉尼亞人,我是美國人,13個北美殖民地的未來懸于一線。1775年春,馬薩諸塞州康科德近郊。進來,把這些武器碼起來,沒時間了。當地槍械工匠艾薩克·戴維斯正在對鎮民兵進行基本訓練。威廉·博迪特[美國海軍陸戰隊一級軍士長]:“這些愛國者知道他們從事的是正義的事業,要創立一個新的國家,必須要有執著的信念?!毕壬?,你得讓這兒保持干凈。做到這一點能保住你的命,一旦開戰,這里將是美國的第一道防線。由當地民眾雇傭的武裝志愿兵隊伍,先生們,不錯,不錯,吃完早餐后就出發。他們中有農民,鐵匠和店主,一支美國平民組成的戰斗力量。理查德·麥克·馬克威茨[軍事專家 前海豹突擊隊隊員]:“所有殖民地的民兵都直接來自當地市民,是市民組成的保衛團體,他們中有懂得作戰技巧的人,但也有只會木匠活的木工和身無旁技的石匠和鐵匠。實際上,他們保衛殖民地的行為也是出于對自身利益的捍衛,他們就這樣走到了一起,大家守望相助。所有殖民地市鎮都擁有自己的民兵組織,他們現在有了新的任務,保衛家園不受英軍侵犯。比昨天好,比昨天好。對這六代馬薩諸塞人而言,男丁參軍被視為義務。在馬薩諸塞,16至50歲的男人有三分之一能夠在戰爭打響的第一時間拿起武器參戰。太棒了,很準,我們保持這個水準,讓那些英國兵瞧瞧我們的厲害。背景知識:波士頓傾茶事件(下)

Text:Among them are John Adams, Patrick Henry, and a gentleman landowner from Virginia named George.At a time when our lordly masters in Great Britain will be satisfied with nothing less than the deprivation of American freedom, it seems highly necessary that something should be done to maintain liberty. Across New England, people prepare to defend themselves. Smuggled arms are collected and stashed in secret hideaways. But while many expect conflict, most delegates in Philadelphia want peace with Britain. A military action would make a wound that would never be healed. That's good, we don't have all day, let's go, come on. The First Continental Congress resol ves that a British attack on any one colony will be regarded as an attack on all of them. What emerges at Philadelphia is solidarity. The distinctions between Virginians,Pennsylvanians, New Englanders, and New Yorkers are no more. I'm not a Virginian. I am an American. The future of the 13 American colonies hangs in the balance.Spring 1775. Near Concord, Massachusetts. Get in here, get those weapons stacked up. We haven't got all day. Local gunsmith Isaac Davis puts the town militia through basic training. The American patriots knew that they were doing the right thing. You're starting the birth of a nation. You had to really believe in what you were doing. You've gotta keep this clean here, sir. If you keep that clean, it'll save your life. If war comes, this will be America's first line of defense. A volunteer home guard with weapons paid for by local citizens. Gentlemen, it's looking good, it's looking good. Let's have some breakfast and move out. They're farmers, blacksmiths, and store owners. A fightin g force of ordinary Americans. The militiamen of any of the colonies were made up of just its citizens. It was a citizen -based protection unit. And some of them had some skills, but some of them were just the carpenters. Some of them were just the mason or the blacksmith. I mean, these were the guys that-- they had something at stake to protect their colony. So they started to form together, just trying to help protect each other. Every town across the colonies has its own militia,but now they're preparing to defend themselves against the British Army. Better than yesterday, better than yesterday. For six generations across Massachusetts, men are expected to serve as militiamen. In Massachusetts, 1/3 of all men between 16 and 50 are ready to bear arms at a minute's notice. Excellent, good shot. We keep this up, we're gonna give those redcoats a scare, all right?

譯文:他們中有約翰·亞當斯,帕德里克·亨利和來自弗吉尼亞的鄉紳喬治·華盛頓。當大不列顛頤指氣使的主人們不徹底剝奪我們美國人的自由就不愿罷休的時候,行動起來保衛自由成為當務之急。整個新英格蘭地區人們準備奮起自衛,走私槍械被集中藏在隱蔽地點。不過,與許多民眾期待戰爭的心理相反,大多數費城會議的代表希望與英國和解,軍事行動會造成永遠無法愈合的創傷。好了,沒時間了,我們走。第一次大陸會議達成決議,英國對任一北美殖民地的攻擊將被視為對全體殖民地的攻擊。費城會議沉浸在團結的氣氛之中,弗吉尼亞人,賓夕法尼亞人,新英格蘭人,紐約人之間的界限將不復存在。我不是弗吉尼亞人,我是美國人,13個北美殖民地的未來懸于一線。1775年春,馬薩諸塞州康科德近郊。進來,把這些武器碼起來,沒時間了。當地槍械工匠艾薩克·戴維斯正在對鎮民兵進行基本訓練。威廉·博迪特[美國海軍陸戰隊一級軍士長]:“這些愛國者知道他們從事的是正義的事業,要創立一個新的國家,必須要有執著的信念?!毕壬?,你得讓這兒保持干凈。做到這一點能保住你的命,一旦開戰,這里將是美國的第一道防線。由當地民眾雇傭的武裝志愿兵隊伍,先生們,不錯,不錯,吃完早餐后就出發。他們中有農民,鐵匠和店主,一支美國平民組成的戰斗力量。理查德·麥克·馬克威茨[軍事專家 前海豹突擊隊隊員]:“所有殖民地的民兵都直接來自當地市民,是市民組成的保衛團體,他們中有懂得作戰技巧的人,但也有只會木匠活的木工和身無旁技的石匠和鐵匠。實際上,他們保衛殖民地的行為也是出于對自身利益的捍衛,他們就這樣走到了一起,大家守望相助。所有殖民地市鎮都擁有自己的民兵組織,他們現在有了新的任務,保衛家園不受英軍侵犯。比昨天好,比昨天好。對這六代馬薩諸塞人而言,男丁參軍被視為義務。在馬薩諸塞,16至50歲的男人有三分之一能夠在戰爭打響的第一時間拿起武器參戰。太棒了,很準,我們保持這個水準,讓那些英國兵瞧瞧我們的厲害。

《美國簡史》系本紀錄片歷史背景

背景知識:波士頓傾茶事件(下)

(內容接上期)

(三)第一屆大陸會議

  1774年9月5日到10月26日,第一屆大陸會議在費城召開,除喬治亞外的12個殖民地派出了55名與會代表(喬治亞代表團遭總督阻止未能與會)。這55人中,絕大多數是律師,其他的是商人和農場主,其中有塞繆爾·亞當斯、約翰·亞當斯、喬治·華盛頓等未來美國的開國元勛。

會議首先討論了賓夕法尼亞代表約瑟夫·蓋洛韋提出的政治方案。此方案主張設立一個北美議會,與英國議會一起共同管理殖民地事務,未經它的同意,英國議會不得向殖民地頒布任何法令。正當代表們對該方案進行激烈辯論時,"自由之子"中的保羅·里維爾從波士頓火速趕來,向大會遞交了《薩福克決議案》,這一方案是在9月9日馬薩諸塞殖民地薩??伺e行的一次會議獲得通過的。決議案歷數殖民地蒙受的種種不公平待遇,要求改變這種現狀,并指出:"強制法令是不公正、不合法的,因而也是無效的,馬薩諸塞應該武裝起來對抗英國的暴政。"決議案還要求各殖民地對英國貨物實行全面抵制。這項措辭嚴厲、飽含激進色彩的法案,很快獲得了與會代表的認同。

圖:波士頓慘案

  10月14日,會議通過了由約翰·亞當斯起草的致英國及北美殖民地的《權利宣言和陳情書》,重申了殖民地人民對英國當局種種的不滿和英國議會無權征稅的觀點,指出:殖民地民眾有生存、自由和財產的權利,只有直接代表他們的機構才有權向他們征稅。為了使英國政府能夠接受,陳情書仍認可英國議會有權管理殖民地的商業。為了對英國的強制法令進行報復,會議決定全面抵制英貨。會議最后商定,到次年5月,如果殖民地的狀況仍未改善,將再次聚會考慮采取更強硬的措施。

  會議結束后,抵制英貨的執行效果很好。1772年,英國對北美殖民地的出口將近500萬英鎊,1774年降至約250萬英鎊,1775年只有25萬英鎊了。

圖:波士頓傾茶事件

  第一屆大陸會議的決議傳到英國后,英國的統治階級內部幾種不同的意見進行著激烈的交鋒。大部分議員認為,殖民地正在一步步邁向獨立,只有更強有力地顯示英國議會的權威,才能壓制殖民地的反抗活動。國王喬治三世也主張這種看法,他在1774年11月的一份詔諭中說:"新英格蘭各地政府正處于一片叛亂狀態。必須狠狠痛擊,從而斷定他們究竟是將臣服于我國,還是企圖獨立。"但少數議員,如前首相威廉·皮特卻認識到了事態的嚴重性,提出向北美殖民地進行讓步。1775年1月20日,他在議會里提出了一項主張撤銷《強制法令》以及從殖民地撤軍的動議,但是這一提議未獲通過。3天以后,又一項要求撤銷"強制法令"的提議在議會提出,同樣遭到否決,隨后,威廉·皮特繼續努力,以避免對殖民地民眾發生直接的對立沖突,要求英國議會承認大陸會議提出的"各項合乎實際的要求",但仍然歸于失敗。

(下期講述美國史—萊克星頓的槍聲)

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protect [prə'tekt]

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vt. 保護,投保

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protection [prə'tekʃən]

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n. 保護,防衛

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haven ['heivn]

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n. 港口,避難所,安息所 v. 安置 ... 于港中,

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n. 樁,賭注,利害關系
v. 下注,用樁支撐

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n. 沖突,矛盾,斗爭,戰斗
vi. 沖突,爭

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n. 防衛,防衛物,辯護
vt. 防守

 
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n. 剝奪,免職,匱乏,喪失,奪去

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n. 殖民地,僑民,僑居地,聚居(地), 群體,菌落

 
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