一、 切分
英語(yǔ)中長(zhǎng)句較多, 句中修飾語(yǔ)多且長(zhǎng),使句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,所以英譯漢時(shí),不能照樣克隆復(fù)制,而是得根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的特點(diǎn),靈活處理。切分就是一種常用的方法,是指把英語(yǔ)中的長(zhǎng)句分解成兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子。它常包括單詞分譯、短語(yǔ)分譯和句子分譯等三種情況。
?。ㄒ唬?單詞分譯
單詞分譯是指把原文中的一個(gè)單詞拆譯成一個(gè)小句或者句子。采用單詞分譯主要有兩個(gè)目的:一是為了句法上的需要。由于一些單詞在搭配、詞義等方面的特點(diǎn),直譯會(huì)使句子生硬晦澀,翻譯腔十足,而把某個(gè)單詞分譯卻能使句子通順,且不損傷原意。二是為了修飾上的需要,如加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,突出重點(diǎn)等。英語(yǔ)中的名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞等都可分譯。例如:
(1)We recognize that China's long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth.
我們認(rèn)識(shí)到,中國(guó)的長(zhǎng)期現(xiàn)代化計(jì)劃以發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)為重點(diǎn),這是可以理解的,也是必要的。
?。?) Then and there he named the startled General lying wounded on his cot the new Commander in Chief of the Airforce…
他就在當(dāng)時(shí)當(dāng)?shù)厝蚊@位躺在榻上治傷的將軍為空軍總司令,使這位將軍吃了一驚。
?。?) A movie of me leaving that foxhole would look like a shell leaving a rifle.
我離開(kāi)那個(gè)貓兒洞的速度之快,要是拍成電影的話,會(huì)象出膛的子彈一樣。
(4) Yet it is painfully apparent that millions of Americans who would never think of themselves as law-breakers, let alone criminals, are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes that are designed to protect and nourish their society.
顯然,數(shù)百萬(wàn)美國(guó)人從來(lái)沒(méi)有想過(guò)自己會(huì)違法,更不用說(shuō)犯罪了,而就是他們正在越來(lái)越肆意歪曲旨在保護(hù)和培育這個(gè)社會(huì)的法律條文,這真令人痛心。
?。ㄔ闹衟ainfully apparent如照字面譯成"痛心地明顯的",不合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣,將painfully單譯成句,既突出了重點(diǎn),表明作者對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象感到痛心的心情,又使語(yǔ)言自然流暢。)
(5) At present people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply.
現(xiàn)在,人們都傾向于采取不偏不倚的態(tài)度來(lái)回答問(wèn)題,因?yàn)樗踩?,不招風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
?。╟hoose the safety of the middle-ground reply如機(jī)械直譯成"選擇不偏不倚回答問(wèn)題的安全",語(yǔ)言晦澀難懂。將safety分譯出來(lái)則較好地解決了這一問(wèn)題。)
?。?) Auntie Julia vainly asked each of her neighbours in turn to tell her what Gabriel had said.
朱利亞姨媽接連向坐在旁邊的人打聽(tīng)加布里埃爾剛才說(shuō)了些什么,卻沒(méi)有問(wèn)出個(gè)所以然來(lái)。
(二) 短語(yǔ)分譯
短語(yǔ)分譯是指把原文中的一個(gè)短語(yǔ)分譯成一個(gè)句子。名詞短語(yǔ)、分詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)等有時(shí)都可以分譯成句。例如:
(1) These cheerful little trams, dating back to 1873, chug and sway up the towering hills with bells ringing and people hanging from every opening.
這些令人歡快的小纜車(chē)建于1873年,嘎嚓嘎嚓搖擺爬上高聳的山巒。車(chē)上鈴兒叮當(dāng)作響,每個(gè)窗口都是人。(介詞短語(yǔ)分譯)
?。?) The military is forbidden to kill the vessel, a relatively easy task.
軍方被禁止擊毀這艘潛艇,雖然要擊毀它并不怎么費(fèi)事。(名詞短語(yǔ)分譯)
?。?) Invitingly green Angel Island, once a military installation, contains meandering trails and picnic spots ideal for a day's excursion.
迷人的天使島郁郁蔥蔥,小徑蜿蜒,是一日游的理想野餐場(chǎng)所。但在過(guò)去它卻是一個(gè)軍事基地。(名詞短語(yǔ)分譯)
?。ㄈ?句子分譯
句子分譯可以分為簡(jiǎn)單句的分譯、并列復(fù)合句的分譯、主從復(fù)合句的分譯以及其他情況的分譯。
A. 簡(jiǎn)單句的分譯
?。?) Daybreak comes with thick mist and drizzle.
黎明時(shí)分,大霧彌漫,細(xì)雨蒙蒙。
(2) But another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations.但是,如果該地區(qū)再次發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),顯然會(huì)使國(guó)際關(guān)系處于緊張狀態(tài)。
B. 并列復(fù)合句的分譯
并列英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句常常在分句連接處加以切分,譯成兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子。例如:
?。?) I sat with his wife in their living room, looking out the glass doors to the backyards, and there was Allen's pool, still covered with black plastic that had been stretched across it for winter.
我跟他妻子一起坐在他們家的起居室里,望著玻璃門(mén)外的后院。后院里有阿倫的游泳池,上面還蓋著過(guò)冬時(shí)鋪上去的黑色塑料蓬。(在連詞and處切分)
?。?) On her once familiar street, as in any unused channel, an unfamiliar queerness had silted up; a cat wove itself in and out of railings, but no human eye watched Mrs Drover's return.
走在一度熟悉的大街上,就像在一條沒(méi)有人走過(guò)的道路上一樣,她心里充滿了從未有過(guò)的新奇。一只貓?jiān)跈跅U那兒繞來(lái)繞去,但是沒(méi)有人留意特羅弗太太回來(lái)。(在;處切分)
(3) The entire cable-car system recently got an overhaul after more than a century of operations, so you are on firm ground even if the streets seem to be tilting beneath you.
在運(yùn)行了一個(gè)世紀(jì)之后,最近對(duì)整個(gè)纜車(chē)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了徹底檢修。所以即使你覺(jué)得街道似乎在下面傾斜,你在纜車(chē)上仍很安全。(在連詞so處切分)
?。?) The recruitment of Chinese labor was not universally accepted in racially conscious 19th century America and some white workers were unsettled by their appearance in large numbers.
在種族意識(shí)十分強(qiáng)的19世紀(jì)的美國(guó),招募中國(guó)勞工的做法并非普遍為人接受。由于工地上大批出現(xiàn)中國(guó)勞工,某些白人工人感到心緒不寧。(在連詞and處切分)