評(píng)論
打印
The Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign State Immunity
中華人民共和國(guó)外國(guó)國(guó)家豁免法
(Adopted at the Fifth Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Fourteenth National People's Congress on September 1, 2023)
（2023年9月1日第十四屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)第五次會(huì)議通過(guò)）
Article 1 This Law is enacted pursuant to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China to improve China's foreign state immunity system and define the jurisdiction of the courts of the People's Republic of China over civil cases involving a foreign State and its property with a view to protecting the lawful rights and interests of the parties concerned, safeguarding the sovereign equality of States, and promoting friendly exchanges with other countries.
第一條 為了健全外國(guó)國(guó)家豁免制度，明確中華人民共和國(guó)的法院對(duì)涉及外國(guó)國(guó)家及其財(cái)產(chǎn)民事案件的管轄，保護(hù)當(dāng)事人合法權(quán)益，維護(hù)國(guó)家主權(quán)平等，促進(jìn)對(duì)外友好交往，根據(jù)憲法，制定本法。
Article 2 In this Law, a foreign State means:
第二條 本法所稱的外國(guó)國(guó)家包括：
1. a foreign sovereign State;
（一）外國(guó)主權(quán)國(guó)家；
2. a State organ or a constituent part of a foreign sovereign State;
（二）外國(guó)主權(quán)國(guó)家的國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)或者組成部分；
3. an organization or an individual, authorized by a foreign sovereign State, that exercises sovereign authority and conducts activities in accordance with such authorization.
（三）外國(guó)主權(quán)國(guó)家授權(quán)行使主權(quán)權(quán)力且基于該項(xiàng)授權(quán)從事活動(dòng)的組織或者個(gè)人。
Article 3 Unless otherwise provided by this Law, a foreign State and its property enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of the People's Republic of China.
第三條 外國(guó)國(guó)家及其財(cái)產(chǎn)在中華人民共和國(guó)的法院享有管轄豁免，本法另有規(guī)定的除外。
Article 4 A foreign State shall not enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of the People's Republic of China in proceedings instituted with regard to a particular matter or case if it has expressly submitted to the jurisdiction of the courts of the People's Republic of China with regard to the matter or case:
第四條 外國(guó)國(guó)家通過(guò)下列方式之一明示就特定事項(xiàng)或者案件接受中華人民共和國(guó)的法院管轄的，對(duì)于就該事項(xiàng)或者案件提起的訴訟，該外國(guó)國(guó)家在中華人民共和國(guó)的法院不享有管轄豁免：
1. in an international treaty;
（一）國(guó)際條約；
2. in a written agreement;
（二）書面協(xié)議；
3. in a written document filed with the court of the People's Republic of China handling the case;
（三）向處理案件的中華人民共和國(guó)的法院提交書面文件；
4. in a written document submitted to the People's Republic of China through diplomatic or other channels;
（四）通過(guò)外交渠道等方式向中華人民共和國(guó)提交書面文件；
5. in other manner of express submission to the jurisdiction of the courts of the People's Republic of China.
（五）其他明示接受中華人民共和國(guó)的法院管轄的方式。
Article 5 A foreign State shall be considered as having submitted to the jurisdiction of the courts of the People's Republic of China with regard to a particular matter or case if it has:
第五條 外國(guó)國(guó)家有下列情形之一的，視為就特定事項(xiàng)或者案件接受中華人民共和國(guó)的法院管轄：
1. instituted proceedings in a court of the People's Republic of China as a plaintiff;
（一）作為原告向中華人民共和國(guó)的法院提起訴訟；
2. participated in proceedings before a court of the People's Republic of China as a defendant, and made a defense on the merits of the case or a counterclaim;
（二）作為被告參加中華人民共和國(guó)的法院受理的訴訟，并就案件實(shí)體問(wèn)題答辯或者提出反訴；
3. participated in proceedings before a court of the People's Republic of China as a third party; or
（三）作為第三人參加中華人民共和國(guó)的法院受理的訴訟；
4. been counterclaimed on the basis of the same legal relationship or facts during proceedings it instituted as a plaintiff or in the claims it made as a third party before a court of the People's Republic of China.
（四）在中華人民共和國(guó)的法院作為原告提起訴訟或者作為第三人提出訴訟請(qǐng)求時(shí)，由于與該起訴或者該訴訟請(qǐng)求相同的法律關(guān)系或者事實(shí)被提起反訴。
Notwithstanding the provision of sub-paragraph 2 of the preceding paragraph, where a foreign State can prove that it could not have acquired knowledge of facts on which a claim to immunity can be based until after it made the defense, it can claim immunity within a reasonable period after it knew or ought to have known about those facts.
外國(guó)國(guó)家有前款第二項(xiàng)規(guī)定的情形，但能夠證明其作出上述答辯之前不可能知道有可主張豁免的事實(shí)的，可以在知道或者應(yīng)當(dāng)知道該事實(shí)后的合理時(shí)間內(nèi)主張管轄豁免。
Article 6 A foreign State shall not be considered as having submitted to the jurisdiction of the courts of the People's Republic of China if:
第六條 外國(guó)國(guó)家有下列情形之一的，不視為接受中華人民共和國(guó)的法院管轄：
1. it makes a defense for the sole purpose of claiming immunity;
（一）僅為主張豁免而應(yīng)訴答辯；
2. its representative appears before a court of the People's Republic of China as a witness; or
（二）外國(guó)國(guó)家的代表在中華人民共和國(guó)的法院出庭作證；
3. it consents to the application of the law of the People's Republic of China to a particular matter or case.
（三）同意在特定事項(xiàng)或者案件中適用中華人民共和國(guó)的法律。
Article 7 A foreign State shall not enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of the People's Republic of China in any proceedings arising out of a commercial activity between the foreign State and an organization or an individual of another State including the People's Republic of China, which takes place in the territory of the People's Republic of China, or takes place outside the territory of the People's Republic of China but causes a direct effect in the territory of the People's Republic of China.
第七條 外國(guó)國(guó)家與包括中華人民共和國(guó)在內(nèi)的其他國(guó)家的組織或者個(gè)人進(jìn)行的商業(yè)活動(dòng)，在中華人民共和國(guó)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)發(fā)生，或者雖然發(fā)生在中華人民共和國(guó)領(lǐng)域外但在中華人民共和國(guó)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)產(chǎn)生直接影響的，對(duì)于該商業(yè)活動(dòng)引起的訴訟，該外國(guó)國(guó)家在中華人民共和國(guó)的法院不享有管轄豁免。
In this Law, a commercial activity means any act of transaction of goods or services, investment, lending, or any other act of a commercial nature, which is not an exercise of sovereign authority. The courts of the People's Republic of China, in determining whether an act is a commercial activity, shall consider all factors relating to the nature and purpose of the act.
本法所稱商業(yè)活動(dòng)是指非行使主權(quán)權(quán)力的關(guān)于貨物或者服務(wù)的交易、投資、借貸以及其他商業(yè)性質(zhì)的行為。中華人民共和國(guó)的法院在認(rèn)定一項(xiàng)行為是否屬于商業(yè)活動(dòng)時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)綜合考慮該行為的性質(zhì)和目的。
