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2022年美國民主情況(3)(中英對照)

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4. "Freedom of speech" in name only

(四)言論自由徒有其名

The United States has always prided itself on free speech. In reality, however, freedom of speech in the United States is upheld according to self-centered "US standards". Partisan interest and money politics have become the "two big mountains" that weigh on free speech. Any speech that is detrimental to the interests of the US government or capital is subject to strict restrictions.

美國一向標(biāo)榜言論自由。但實際上,美國的言論自由奉行以我為準(zhǔn)的美國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。黨派利益和金錢政治成為壓在言論自由頭上的“兩座大山”,只要是不利于美國政府和資本利益的言論,都會受到嚴(yán)格限制。

The US government has all-encompassing regulations on media and technology companies to intervene in public opinion. In December 2022, Twitter CEO Elon Musk and journalist Matt Taibbi posted back-to-back tweets that exposed "Twitter files", revealing that the US government is heavily scrutinizing all social media companies. Sometimes it directly intervenes in big media companies' reporting, like frequently having Google remove certain links. Twitter censored sensitive information about presidential candidates ahead of the 2020 election, creating "blacklists" to limit the exposure of unpopular accounts and even hot topics, and working with the FBI to monitor social media content, all the while giving the US military the green light to spread disinformation online. All this has undoubtedly torn off the fig leaf of free speech in the United States.

美國政府全面監(jiān)管媒體和科技公司,干預(yù)社會輿論。2022年12月,推特公司首席執(zhí)行官馬斯克和記者馬特·泰比連續(xù)發(fā)布推文,曝光“推特文件”,披露美國政府對所有社交媒體公司都要進行嚴(yán)格審查,有時還直接干預(yù)大媒體公司報道內(nèi)容,例如谷歌經(jīng)常讓鏈接頁面消失。此外,推特公司在2020年大選前審查總統(tǒng)候選人敏感信息,建立“黑名單”,限制不受歡迎的賬號甚至熱搜話題的曝光度,與聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局合作監(jiān)控社交媒體內(nèi)容,同時為美國軍方虛假網(wǎng)絡(luò)宣傳大開綠燈。凡此種種,無疑撕下了美國言論自由的遮羞布。

Capital and interest groups basically can get anything they want when it comes to public opinion. In the face of capital and interest groups, American media's "freedom of speech" smacks of hypocrisy. Most American media firms are privately owned and serve the powerful and the rich. Whether it's the owner of the media or the investment and advertisement income that the media depends on, all of them are related to capital and interest groups. In his book The Hypocritical Superpower, Micheal Lueders, a well-known German writer and media professional, elaborated in detail how the "filtering mechanism" of American media, under the influence of interest groups, chooses and distorts facts. In January 2023, Project Veritas, an American right-wing group, published a video about Pfizer that went viral. It recorded Jordon Trishton Walker, a senior executive at Pfizer, saying that Pfizer was exploring plans to "mutate" the coronavirus, that the coronavirus vaccine business was a "cash cow", and that US regulators had vested interests in drug companies. To deal with the PR crisis, in addition to issuing a statement, Pfizer even had YouTube remove the video immediately on ground of "violating community guidelines".

資本和利益集團在輿論上“呼風(fēng)喚雨”。美國媒體的“言論自由”在遇到資本和利益集團時,會散發(fā)出濃濃的“銅臭味”。美國媒體多為私人所有,媒體集團的服務(wù)對象是權(quán)力和財富精英。無論是媒體的擁有者還是媒體賴以生存的投資和廣告收入,都與資本和利益集團脫不了干系。德國知名作家、媒體人米夏埃爾·呂德斯在《偽圣美國》一書中詳盡介紹了美國媒體受利益集團影響,對事實進行選擇和歪曲的“過濾機制”。2023年1月,一則由美國右翼組織“真相工程”(Project Veritas)發(fā)布的輝瑞制藥相關(guān)視頻沖上熱搜。輝瑞公司高層喬登·特里斯頓·沃克在視頻中提到,輝瑞考慮自行研發(fā)新冠病毒變種,新冠疫苗生意是“搖錢樹”,并稱美國監(jiān)管人員與藥企有利益關(guān)聯(lián)。為滅火,輝瑞除發(fā)表聲明外,還緊急聯(lián)系優(yōu)兔以“違反社區(qū)規(guī)則”為由刪除上述視頻。

The US uses social media to manipulate international public opinion. In December 2022, the independent investigation website "The Intercept" revealed that agencies affiliated to the US Department of Defense had long interfered in public opinion in Middle Eastern countries by manipulating topics and waging deceptive propaganda on social media such as Twitter. In July 2017, US Central Command official Nathaniel Kahler sent to the Twitter public policy team a form containing 52 Arabic-language accounts, asking for priority services for six of them. Following Kahler's request, Twitter put these Arabic accounts on a "white list" to amplify messages favorable to the United States. Eric Sperling, executive director of Just Foreign Policy, an anti-war organization, commented on this incident that Congress and social media companies should investigate and take action to ensure that, at the very least, the citizens are fully informed when their tax money is being spent on putting a positive spin on the endless wars.

美國利用社交媒體操縱國際輿論。2022年12月,獨立調(diào)查網(wǎng)站"The Intercept"披露,美國防部下屬機構(gòu)長期在推特等社交媒體通過操控話題、欺騙性宣傳等手段干預(yù)中東國家輿論認(rèn)知。2017年7月,美軍中央司令部官員納撒尼爾·卡勒給推特公共政策團隊發(fā)了一個表格,包含52個阿拉伯語賬號,要求優(yōu)先服務(wù)其中6個。按照卡勒要求,推特將這批阿拉伯語賬號放入“白名單”,用來放大對美有利的信息。美國反戰(zhàn)組織“公正外交政策”執(zhí)行主任埃里克·斯柏林就此指出,美國國會和社交媒體應(yīng)調(diào)查并采取行動,讓民眾知道自己的納稅款被用來宣傳美國無休止的戰(zhàn)爭。

In September 2022, the explosion of the "Nord Stream" natural gas pipeline shocked the world, and the international community was eager to know the identity and motive of the perpetrator. On 8 February 2023, Pulitzer Prize-winning veteran investigative journalist Seymour Hersh published an article exposing the US government as the culprit of the incident. However, American and European mainstream media, known for their sensitivity to such scoops, stayed eerily quiet on this piece of explosive news. As observed by Canadian website Western Standard and German television channel ZDF, Hersh's report was one of the biggest stories of the decade, but few media in North America wanted to talk about it because the West does not want anyone to find out about the truth and the surveillance technologies it has deployed in the Baltic Sea. Western media even try to bypass the crux of the issue by questioning the authenticity of Hersh's report. On 15 February, Hersh wrote another article, accusing the US government and mainstream media of covering up the truth of the "Nord Stream" pipeline explosion. Analysts pointed out that given Western media's obedience to the US, their blocking of Hersh's revelations is not surprising.

2022年9月,“北溪”天然氣管道被炸震驚全球,肇事者身份和動機引發(fā)國際社會高度關(guān)注。2023年2月8日,普利策新聞獎得主、美國資深調(diào)查記者西摩·赫什撰文,直指美國政府是事件幕后黑手。但對于這條爆炸性新聞,一向嗅覺敏銳的歐美主流媒體卻避而不談,反應(yīng)蹊蹺。加拿大《西部標(biāo)準(zhǔn)報》和德國電視二臺評稱,赫什的報道是十年來最大新聞之一,但在北美幾乎沒有媒體愿意談及,原因在于西方國家不想讓別人發(fā)現(xiàn)事實真相及其在波羅的海部署的監(jiān)視技術(shù)。此外,西方媒體還“另辟蹊徑”,質(zhì)疑赫什報道的真實性。2月15日,赫什發(fā)文指責(zé)美國政府和主流媒體大肆掩蓋“北溪”管道爆炸事件真相。分析人士指出,考慮到西方媒體聽從美國領(lǐng)導(dǎo),其封鎖赫什爆料的行徑不足為奇。

5. The judicial system blind to public opinion

(五)司法系統(tǒng)無視民意

As an institution undergirding the country's Constitution, the US Supreme Court, like the American society, has become deeply divided. Judicial power is hijacked by public opinion, and partisan struggle has spread to the judicial system. Increasingly, Supreme Court decisions reflect the huge chasm between "two Americas" – the conservatives and liberals, and have been reduced to a tool of political warfare. The "separation of powers" is constantly being eroded. Partisanship has abandoned tradition and crossed the line.

作為憲法保障機構(gòu),最高法院同美國社會一樣陷入不可調(diào)和的分裂局面,社會分裂裹挾司法權(quán),兩黨斗爭向司法系統(tǒng)蔓延。最高法院判決越來越體現(xiàn)出保守派和自由派“兩個美國”之間的巨大分歧,日益淪為政治斗爭工具?!叭龣?quán)分立”不斷被侵蝕。黨派之爭已拋棄傳統(tǒng)、突破底線。

Both parties pursue their agenda by changing the political orientation of the Supreme Court. The presidential election has in some ways become a partisan battle for the right to appoint judges. The passing away of Supreme Court justices gave Trump the opportunity to appoint during his term three justices who took a conservative stance, giving conservative justices an overwhelming advantage over liberal ones. After Trump, radical white evangelical fundamentalists have taken the reins of the Supreme Court, according to an article on the South African website Daily Maverick. It's hardly surprising that the Supreme Court almost always makes decisions in favor of Christian evangelicals, big corporations and the Republican Party.

兩黨通過改變最高法院政治傾向?qū)崿F(xiàn)自身議程??偨y(tǒng)選舉在某些方面成為兩黨爭奪法官任命權(quán)之戰(zhàn)。由于最高法院大法官離世,特朗普任內(nèi)任命了3名立場偏保守的大法官,使保守派大法官對自由派大法官占據(jù)絕對優(yōu)勢。南非“每日獨行者”網(wǎng)站刊文稱,特朗普之后,激進的白人福音派原教旨主義者已接管最高法院的韁繩,最高法院幾乎總是做出有利于基督教福音派、大公司和共和黨的判決,這并不令人驚訝。

The US Supreme Court's decision on abortion rights fully demonstrates the consequences of being involved in partisan warfare and out of touch with society. On 24 June 2022, the Supreme Court flagrantly endorsed religious conservatism by overturning the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision and removing constitutional protections for women's abortion rights. The decision triggered protests across the United States. Polls show that more than half of Americans believe that stripping away abortion rights is a setback for the country. Israeli media "Haaretz" commented that on the issue of abortion rights, the Supreme Court has undermined democracy in the name of defending it, which is a typical case of "tyranny of the minority". Here is an unrepresentative Supreme Court, with its justices appointed by an unrepresentative president and confirmed by an obviously unrepresentative Senate; but it has made a decision that will affect the United States till 2030, 2040, and even 2050.

美國最高法院關(guān)于墮胎權(quán)的判決充分顯示出其卷入黨爭、與社會脫節(jié)的惡果。2022年6月24日,最高法院公然為宗教保守主義站臺,推翻1973年“羅伊訴韋德案”裁決,取消對女性墮胎權(quán)的憲法保護,引發(fā)全美多地抗議。民調(diào)顯示,超過半數(shù)美國人認(rèn)為剝奪墮胎權(quán)是美國的倒退。以色列《國土報》刊文評稱,在墮胎權(quán)問題上,最高法院打著捍衛(wèi)民主的旗號破壞民主,提供了一個“少數(shù)人暴政”的生動案例。一個不具有代表性的最高法院,由一位不具有代表性的總統(tǒng)任命,由一個明顯不具有代表性的參議院批準(zhǔn)。但是,這個最高法院的裁決對美國的影響卻將延續(xù)到2030、2040乃至2050年。

The Supreme Court also struck down a New York state law that had been in place since 1913 restricting people from carrying concealed firearms. As the nation reflects on gun violence, such a reckless reversal of New York's gun control law is intolerable, noted the governor of New York. American political commentator Matthew Dowd pointed out that the problems facing the United States today are rooted in the fragmentation of democracy. What American citizens want are a fair ruling in Roe v. Wade, a real gun reform, higher minimum wages, steeper taxes on the super-rich, better health care for all, and other reforms that heed popular calls.

最高法院還推翻了紐約州自1913年起實施的限制民眾在外隱蔽攜槍的法律。紐約州州長稱,在全美反思槍支暴力之際,最高法院魯莽推翻紐約州控槍法律,令人無法容忍。美國政治評論家馬修·多德指出,當(dāng)今美國面臨的問題從根本上說源于民主的破碎。美國公民希望看到“羅伊訴韋德案”的公正裁決、真正的槍支改革、提高最低工資、對超級富豪加稅、改善全民醫(yī)療等反映民眾呼聲的改革。

6. Americans increasingly disillusioned with American democracy

(六)美國民眾對美式民主日益失望

Americans' pride in their democracy has dropped sharply, from 90% in 2002 to 54% in 2022, according to a joint Washington Post-University of Maryland survey. A poll by the Public Policy Institute of California shows that Californian voters have widespread concern that American democracy is going off track, with 62% saying the country is headed in the wrong direction, 46% pessimistic about the prospect of Americans with different political views working together to resolve differences, and 52% dissatisfied with the current way American democracy works. According to a Quinnipiac University poll, 67% of respondents believe that American democracy is in danger of collapse, and 48% think there could be another Capitol riot in the United States. According to a Pew Center poll, 65% of Americans believe that the American democratic system needs major reforms, while 57% of respondents believe the United States is no longer a model of democracy. A UCLA study shows that the US government has been losing its ability to govern and its sense of democratic responsibility in recent years, and lacks effective measures to push forward large-scale reforms or address issues such as electoral justice and media fraud.

《華盛頓郵報》和馬里蘭大學(xué)聯(lián)合調(diào)查顯示,美國人對民主的自豪感急劇下降,從2002年的90%下降到2022年的54%。加利福尼亞公共政策研究所民調(diào)顯示,加州選民普遍擔(dān)憂美國民主正偏離正軌,其中62%的選民認(rèn)為美國正朝著錯誤方向發(fā)展,46%對持不同政治觀點的美國人合作解決分歧的前景感到悲觀,52%對當(dāng)前美國民主的運作方式不滿。昆尼皮亞克大學(xué)民調(diào)顯示,67%受訪者認(rèn)為美國民主制度有崩潰危險,48%認(rèn)為美國可能再次發(fā)生類似國會暴亂的事件。皮尤中心民調(diào)顯示,65%的美國人認(rèn)為美國民主制度需要重大改革,57%的受訪者認(rèn)為美國不再是民主典范。加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校研究顯示,美國政府治國能力和民主責(zé)任感近年不斷下降,在推進大規(guī)模改革、解決選舉公正以及媒體造假等諸多問題上缺乏有力措施。

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