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4. Striving for Carbon Dioxide Peaking and Carbon Neutrality
（四）大力推進碳達峰碳中和
To achieve the goals of peaking carbon emissions and subsequent carbon neutrality is one of China's major strategies, defined after careful consideration. This is a must-do in order to relieve the serious constraints imposed by resources and the environment on China's economic growth, and to achieve sustainable development. It is also a solemn commitment towards building a global community of shared future. China has incorporated this decision into its overall economic and social development, adopting a holistic approach and balancing the relationships between economic growth and emissions reduction, between overall and regional interests, and between short, medium, and long-term growth. Led by the green economic and social transition, China is focusing on green and low-carbon development of the energy sector, and accelerating the formation of industrial structures, production modes, ways of work and life and spatial configurations that help to conserve resources and protect the environment. It is fully committed to high-quality development that prioritize eco-environmental protection and green and low-carbon way of life.
實現碳達峰、碳中和是中國深思熟慮作出的重大戰略決策，是著力解決資源環境約束突出問題、實現中華民族永續發展的必然選擇，是構建人類命運共同體的莊嚴承諾。中國將碳達峰、碳中和納入經濟社會發展全局，堅持系統觀念，統籌發展和減排、整體和局部、短期和中長期的關系，以經濟社會發展全面綠色轉型為引領，以能源綠色低碳發展為關鍵，加快形成節約資源和保護環境的產業結構、生產方式、生活方式、空間格局，堅定不移走生態優先、綠色低碳的高質量發展道路。
5. Synergizing the Reduction of Pollution and Carbon Emissions
（五）減污降碳協同增效
Carbon dioxide and other ordinary pollutants often come from the same sources, mainly from the burning and utilization of fossil fuels. Controlling the use of fossil fuels and consequently reducing carbon emissions have a lasting impact on the economic structure, energy mix, forms of transport, modes of production, and ways of life. It will boost high-quality development by pressing for the green transition of the economy; it will be conducive to mitigating climate change and the damage it causes to life, property, society, and the economy; it will facilitate the source control of pollution, achieving synergy between pollution and carbon reduction and improvement of the eco-environment; it will help conserve biodiversity and improve ecosystems. China sees pollution prevention and control as an integral part of the response to climate change. Through structural adjustment, optimized configuration, policy synergy and innovative mechanisms, efforts to reduce pollution and carbon emissions are planned and carried out in tandem, and the performance assessment of the two is also conducted jointly. Balancing environmental, climate and economic gains, China has found a unique path to reducing greenhouse gas emissions that conforms to its actual conditions.
二氧化碳和常規污染物的排放具有同源性，大部分來自化石能源的燃燒和利用。控制化石能源利用和碳排放對經濟結構、能源結構、交通運輸結構和生產生活方式都將產生深遠的影響，有利于倒逼和推動經濟結構綠色轉型，助推高質量發展；有利于減緩氣候變化帶來的不利影響，減少對人民生命財產和經濟社會造成的損失；有利于推動污染源頭治理，實現降碳與污染物減排、改善生態環境質量協同增效；有利于促進生物多樣性保護，提升生態系統服務功能。中國把握污染防治和氣候治理的整體性，以結構調整、布局優化為重點，以政策協同、機制創新為手段，推動減污降碳協同增效一體謀劃、一體部署、一體推進、一體考核，協同推進環境效益、氣候效益、經濟效益多贏，走出一條符合國情的溫室氣體減排道路。
II. Implementing a National Strategy of Actively Responding to Climate Change
二、實施積極應對氣候變化國家戰略
As the largest developing country, with a population of over 1.4 billion, China faces major challenges across a range of important areas including economic development, improving the people's lives, pollution control, and eco-environmental protection. In order to meet its targets in response to climate change, China has risen to these challenges and formulated and implemented a variety of strategies, regulations, policies, standards, and actions.
中國是擁有14億多人口的最大發展中國家，面臨著發展經濟、改善民生、污染治理、生態保護等一系列艱巨任務。盡管如此，為實現應對氣候變化目標，中國迎難而上，積極制定和實施了一系列應對氣候變化戰略、法規、政策、標準與行動，推動中國應對氣候變化實踐不斷取得新進步。
1. Intensifying Efforts in Response to Climate Change
（一）不斷提高應對氣候變化力度
It will not be easy for China to achieve its new NDC targets; it will take approximately 30 years of painstaking effort to transit from peak carbon emissions to achieving carbon neutrality and the largest reduction in carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP (“carbon intensity”) in the world. Walking the talk, China has already begun to implement positive and effective moves in its strategy to peak carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality.
中國確定的國家自主貢獻新目標不是輕而易舉就能實現的。中國要用30年左右的時間由碳達峰實現碳中和，完成全球最高碳排放強度降幅，需要付出艱苦努力。中國言行一致，采取積極有效措施，落實好碳達峰、碳中和戰略部署。
Improving overall planning and coordination in response to climate change. The response to climate change covers a wide range of areas; therefore, to improve coordination and pool strengths, China has set up a national leading group headed by Premier of the State Council and with officials from 30 ministries and commissions as members. Its remit is responding to climate change, conserving energy, and reducing emissions, and all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government (PARMs) have set up corresponding groups. In April 2018, China adjusted the functions of relevant government departments, and put the newly established Ministry of Ecology and Environment in charge of responding to climate change, thus reinforcing the coordination between responding to climate change and protecting the eco-environment. In 2021, China set up a special leading group to guide and coordinate the work related to peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. All PARMs have established leading groups for peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, so as to strengthen the coordination of their efforts.
加強應對氣候變化統籌協調。應對氣候變化工作覆蓋面廣、涉及領域眾多。為加強協調、形成合力，中國成立由國務院總理任組長，30個相關部委為成員的國家應對氣候變化及節能減排工作領導小組，各省（區、市）均成立了省級應對氣候變化及節能減排工作領導小組。2018年4月，中國調整相關部門職能，由新組建的生態環境部負責應對氣候變化工作，強化了應對氣候變化與生態環境保護的協同。2021年，為指導和統籌做好碳達峰碳中和工作，中國成立碳達峰碳中和工作領導小組。各省（區、市）陸續成立碳達峰碳中和工作領導小組，加強地方碳達峰碳中和工作統籌。
Incorporating the response to climate change into national economic and social development plans. Starting from the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011-2015), China has incorporated reducing carbon intensity into the outline of the plans for national economic and social development as binding targets, and defined key tasks, priority areas, and major projects. China's Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 sets a binding target of slashing carbon intensity by 18 percent from 2020 to 2025. All PARMs have taken on the response to climate change as an important part of the 14th Five-Year Plan, and set themselves specific targets and tasks.
將應對氣候變化納入國民經濟社會發展規劃。自“十二五”開始，中國將單位國內生產總值（GDP）二氧化碳排放（碳排放強度）下降幅度作為約束性指標納入國民經濟和社會發展規劃綱要，并明確應對氣候變化的重點任務、重要領域和重大工程。中國“十四五”規劃和2035年遠景目標綱要將“2025年單位GDP二氧化碳排放較2020年降低18%”作為約束性指標。中國各省（區、市）均將應對氣候變化作為“十四五”規劃的重要內容，明確具體目標和工作任務。
Establishing a mechanism of breaking down and meeting the targets for responding to climate change. To meet its targets, China has set tiered provincial-level carbon emission caps for its PARMs based on factors such as their development stage, resource endowment, strategic positioning, and eco-environmental protection. It has assessed the performance of the relevant governments in meeting the targets and fulfilling the responsibilities for controlling greenhouse gas emissions, and uses the results as an important reference for the comprehensive performance assessment and appraisal of officials holding principal posts and leadership teams in the PARMs, as well as for the appointment, reward, sanction, and removal of officials. PARM governments have also assessed the performance of administrative divisions at lower levels in meeting their targets and fulfilling their responsibilities for controlling greenhouse gas emissions, thus ensuring that the effort is coordinated and effective.
建立應對氣候變化目標分解落實機制。為確保規劃目標落實，綜合考慮各省（區、市）發展階段、資源稟賦、戰略定位、生態環保等因素，中國分類確定省級碳排放控制目標，并對省級政府開展控制溫室氣體排放目標責任進行考核，將其作為各省（區、市）主要負責人和領導班子綜合考核評價、干部獎懲任免等重要依據。省級政府對下一級行政區域控制溫室氣體排放目標責任也開展相應考核，確保應對氣候變化與溫室氣體減排工作落地見效。
Continuing to update NDC targets. In 2015, China set its nationally determined action objectives by 2030: to peak carbon dioxide emissions around 2030 at the latest and make every effort to peak early. By the end of 2019, China had delivered on its 2020 climate action target ahead of schedule. In 2020, China announced new NDC targets and measures. China aims to: Peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. Lower its carbon intensity by over 65 percent by 2030 from the 2005 level. Increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25 percent by 2030. Increase the forest stock volume by 6 billion cubic meters by 2030 from the 2005 level. Bring its total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 billion kW by 2030. Compared with the objectives set in 2015, the new targets are more ambitious in timeframe. They involve a steeper cut in carbon intensity, an increase of another five percentage points in the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption, a new target for installed capacity of non-fossil fuels, an additional forest stock of 1.5 billion cubic meters, and a clear announcement to aim for carbon neutrality before 2060. China has announced in 2021 a decision to stop building new coal-fired power projects overseas, demonstrating its concrete actions in response to climate change.
不斷強化自主貢獻目標。2015年，中國確定了到2030年的自主行動目標：二氧化碳排放2030年左右達到峰值并爭取盡早達峰。截至2019年底，中國已經提前超額完成2020年氣候行動目標。2020年，中國宣布國家自主貢獻新目標舉措：中國二氧化碳排放力爭于2030年前達到峰值，努力爭取2060年前實現碳中和；到2030年，中國單位GDP二氧化碳排放將比2005年下降65%以上，非化石能源占一次能源消費比重將達到25%左右，森林蓄積量將比2005年增加60億立方米，風電、太陽能發電總裝機容量將達到12億千瓦以上。相比2015年提出的自主貢獻目標，時間更緊迫，碳排放強度削減幅度更大，非化石能源占一次能源消費比重再增加五個百分點，增加非化石能源裝機容量目標，森林蓄積量再增加15億立方米，明確爭取2060年前實現碳中和。2021年，中國宣布不再新建境外煤電項目，展現中國應對氣候變化的實際行動。
Accelerating work on 1+N policies for peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. The country has formulated and released a top-level design document for peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, and is working on an action plan for peaking carbon emissions before 2030, with implementation plans for fields and sectors such as energy, industry, urban and rural construction, transport, and agriculture and rural areas. Support plans are being created in areas such as science and technology, fiscal funding, finance, pricing, carbon sinks, energy transition and coordination of pollution reduction and carbon emission reduction, with clearer timetables, roadmaps, and working plans. The country is shaping policies and actions with clear objectives, reasonable assignment of labor, effective measures, and sound coordination, ensuring that all efforts deliver positive results.
加快構建碳達峰碳中和“1+N”政策體系。中國制定并發布碳達峰碳中和工作頂層設計文件，編制2030年前碳達峰行動方案，制定能源、工業、城鄉建設、交通運輸、農業農村等分領域分行業碳達峰實施方案，積極謀劃科技、財政、金融、價格、碳匯、能源轉型、減污降碳協同等保障方案，進一步明確碳達峰碳中和的時間表、路線圖、施工圖，加快形成目標明確、分工合理、措施有力、銜接有序的政策體系和工作格局，全面推動碳達峰碳中和各項工作取得積極成效。
