（三）保護個人隱私和個人信息的法律、法規及行業自律規范

3. Legislation protecting personal privacy and information

2009年《刑法修正案（七）》規定了出售、非法獲取和提供個人信息罪，2010年7月1日實施的《中華人民共和國侵權責任法》明確規定了對公民個人隱私權的保護。此外，《全國人大常務委員會關于維護互聯網安全的決定》、《電信條例》、《計算機信息網絡國際聯網安全保護管理辦法》、《網絡游戲管理暫行辦法》、《互聯網醫療保健信息服務管理辦法》、《網絡商品交易及有關服務行為管理暫行辦法》、《互聯網視聽節目服務管理規定》和《上海市促進電子商務發展規定》等法律、行政法規、部門規章以及地方性法規也有保護個人信息的規定。我國互聯網行業從業單位還以行業自律規范的形式簽署了中國互聯網行業自律公約，公約中規定互聯網服務提供者必須采取有效措施保護用戶的個人隱私。上述規定，構建了以法律保護為主、行業自律為輔的個人隱私和個人信息保護模式。

In 2009, the seventh amendment to the Criminal Law defines the crime of selling, illegally obtaining and providing personal information. The PRC Tort Liability Law that took effect on July 1, 2010 clearly stipulates protection of citizens' rights to personal privacy. The self-discipline codes of the Internet industry regulates that Internet service providers shall adopt effective measures to protect users' privacy. In combination, these laws and regulations have formed a system to protect privacy and personal information with legal protection as the mainstay and industry self-discipline as the supplement.

（四）保護網絡知識產權的法律

4. Legislation protecting online intellectual property rights

為應對網絡對知識產權保護提出的挑戰，我國修訂了《著作權法》，制定了《計算機軟件保護條例》、《互聯網著作權行政保護辦法》和《信息網絡傳播權保護條例》，最高人民法院出臺了《關于審理涉及計算機網絡著作權糾紛案件適用法律若干問題的解釋》。針對域名管理有關問題，中國有關部門相繼制定了《中國互聯網絡域名管理辦法》、《中文域名爭議解決辦法》、《中國互聯網絡域名注冊實施細則》和《中國互聯網絡信息中心域名爭議解決程序規則》等規范性文件，最高人民法院也出臺了《關于審理涉及計算機網絡域名民事糾紛案件適用法律若干問題的解釋》，這些規定為我國域名注冊、管理和爭議解決提供了基本的依據，有效地平衡了域名持有人與商標權等其他民事權利人之間的利益。

To tackle the challenge posed by the Internet to intellectual property rights, China has amended the Copyright Law, made the Regulations on Computers Software Protection, Measures for the Administrative Protection of Internet Copyright, Regulation on the Protection of the Right to Network Dissemination of Information, and issued the Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues concerning the Laws Applicable to the Trial of Copyright Disputes Involving Computer Networks Interpretations, offering basic legal ground for protecting online intellectual rights. Regarding the administration of domain names, China has formulated a string of regulations, such as the Administration of Internet Domain Names, Measures on the Settlement of Chinese Domain Name Disputes, Provisions on Internet Domain Name Registration, Rules for CNNIC Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy and Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on the Several Issues concerning the Application of Law to the Trial of Civil Dispute Cases Involving Computer Network Domain Names, offering basic legal ground for domain name registration, administration and dispute settlement, effectively balancing the interests between domain name owners and the holders of trademark right and other civil rights.

（五）網絡業務市場準入的法律

5. Legislation on access to the Internet market

為規范網絡業務市場的競爭秩序，適應電信業對外開放的需要，我國頒布了《電信條例》、《外商投資電信企業管理規定》、《電信終端設備進網審批管理規定》、《計算機信息網絡國際聯網管理暫行規定》、《中國公用計算機互聯網國際聯網管理辦法》、《電信業務經營許可規定》，上述法律文件詳細規定了接入單位的接入條件以及經營網絡業務的企業的設立條件。《互聯網信息服務管理辦法》、《互聯網視聽節目服務管理規定》、《互聯網新聞信息服務管理規定》、《互聯網文化管理暫行規定》、《互聯網出版管理暫行規定》對從事新聞、出版、教育、藥品和醫療器械等互聯網信息服務實行前置審批制度，對非經營性互聯網信息服務實行備案制度。

To regulate competitions in the Internet market and cope with the needs of opening telecommunications industry to the outside world, China has successively promulgated the Administration of Approval of Network Access License of Telecommunications Terminals, Provisional Regulations on the Management of International Networking of Computer Information Networks, Regulations on the Administration of International Networking of Public Computers, Telecommunications Regulations and Administration of Business Sites of Internet Access Services, explicitly stipulating conditions for accessing the Internet and establishing network service enterprises. Moreover, China applies categorized licensing system to Internet information services. In line with the Administration of Internet Information Services Procedures, filing system is applied to non-profit Internet information services and prior approval system is applied to services concerning news, publication, education, healthcare, medicine, medical instruments and other fields.

（六）確保未成年人上網安全的法律

6. Legislation ensuring the online safety of minors

中國有世界最大規模的網民，4.2億網民中未成年人約占1/3，互聯網對未成年人成長的影響越來越大。同時，網絡淫穢色情等違法和有害信息嚴重危害青少年的身心健康，成為社會普遍關注的問題。為依法保護未成年人上網安全，營造有利于未成年人健康成長的網絡環境，2004年最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院聯合出臺了《關于辦理利用互聯網、移動通訊終端、聲訊臺制作、復制、出版、販賣、傳播淫穢電子信息刑事案件具體應用法律若干問題的解釋》，根據該司法解釋，向不滿十八周歲的未成年人販賣、傳播淫穢電子信息和語音信息的，依照制作、販賣、傳播淫穢物品罪的規定從重處罰。2006年12月19日全國人大常委會對《中華人民共和國未成年人保護法》進行了修訂，規定了預防未成年人沉迷網絡和接觸有害信息的具體措施。2010年3月文化部頒布了《網絡游戲管理暫行辦法》，規定以未成年人為對象的網絡游戲不得含有誘發未成年人違法犯罪的行為和妨害未成年人身心健康的內容。上述法律為保障網絡社會的公民合法權益提供了基本依據，為維護網絡信息安全、促進互聯網普及和應用發揮了重要作用。除以上國家機關制定的法律外，中國政府還積極倡導行業自律。由中國互聯網協會組織先后制定并發布了《中國互聯網行業自律公約》、《互聯網站禁止傳播淫穢色情等不良信息自律規范》、《抵制惡意軟件自律公約》、《博客服務自律公約》、《反網絡病毒自律公約》、《中國互聯網行業版權自律宣言》等一系列自律規范，促進了互聯網的健康發展。并形成了以法律規范與行業自律相結合的治理模式。但我們也注意到，規范網絡社會所需的法律仍處于不斷探索的階段，立法滯后于實踐的現象明顯存在。現行網絡立法中有些規定過于籠統，特別是欠缺保障網絡信息安全以及對個人信息權利進行保護的基本法，這些需要引起有關方面的重視。

To prevent illegal or harmful information, which includes pornographic or obscene information, from damaging the physical and mental health of minors, in 2004, the Supreme People's Court and Supreme People's Procuratorate jointly promulgated the Interpretation of Several Issues on the Specific Application of Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases about Producing, Reproducing, Publishing, Selling and Disseminating Pornographic Electronic Information via the Internet, Mobile Communication Terminals and Sound Message Stations, stipulating that anyone who sell or disseminate pornographic electronic information to minors under the age of 18 shall be punished severely according to the law. On December 19, 2006, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress amended the Law of the People' Republic of China on the Protection of Minors, stipulating detailed measures to prevent minors from getting obsessed with the Internet or getting in contact with harmful information. In March 2010, the Ministry of Culture issued the Interim Measures on the Administration of Online Games, ruling that online games oriented to minors shall not contain any content that may induce minors to imitate activities against public morals and laws, or contain any horrific or cruel content that may damage the physical and mental health of minors. These laws and regulations build up a cyber environment that is conducive to the healthy development of minors. The aforementioned laws and regulations provide basic legal ground for protecting the legitimate interests of citizens in cyber society and play an important role in safeguarding Internet information security and promoting advanced applications of the Internet. But we have also realized that, the international community is still continuously exploring the legislation needed in regulating the cyber society, which just emerged as a new societal pattern. Moreover, the results of legal research have failed to provide necessary theoretical support for the making of Internet law in China, and the country has yet to include Internet law in its legislative plan in the near future. Therefore, some stipulations in the present Internet law are too general; in particular, basic laws protecting cyber information security and individual rights to information is in absence.