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解析：
71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control/and hence the help of specialized scientists/such as economists and operational research experts.
第二、句子的結構：
1)主干結構是一個帶雙賓語的簡單句：this requires varying measures of...and hence the help of...
2)兩個賓語各帶有of短語作定語。
3)specialized scientists后面的短語such as...是其定語。
第三、詞的處理：
Under modern conditions 在現代條件下
requires 需要
varying measures (程度)不同的措施
centralized control 中央控制，中央調控
and hence 因此，從而
specialized scientists 專門科學家，專家
operational research experts 運行研究專家，運籌學家
完整的譯文：
在現代條件下，這需要程度不同的中央控制，從而就需要獲得諸如經濟學家和運籌學家等領域專家的協助。
72) Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：Furthermore it is obvious / that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, / and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
第二、句子的結構：
1)主干結構是it is obvious that..., and that...形式主語和兩個主語從句。
2)兩個that從句都是簡單的主謂賓結構句。
3)this指代前面的賓語中心詞efficiency。
第三、詞的處理：
Furthermore 再者，另外
it is obvious that (固定譯法)顯而易見的是
the strength of a country's economy 一個國家的經濟實力
is directly bound up with 與……直接(密切)相關
the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工農業生產效率
in turn 反過來
rests upon 有賴于，取決于
scientists and technologists of all kinds 各種科技人員，所有領域的科學家和技術人員
完整的譯文：
再者，顯而易見的是，一個國家的經濟實力與其工農業生產效率密切相關，而效率的提高又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。
73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為五段：Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, / people everywhere are feeling new wants / and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, / while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations / for the reasons given above.
第二、句子的結構：
1)主干結構是：原因狀語Owing to..., people are feeling ... and are being..., while governments are often forced to...句子結構中while是個關鍵詞，表示對比關系，漢語意思是"而"。
2)第一個主句中有兩個現在進行時的并列謂語are feeling... and are being...
3)第二個主句的謂語是被動語態。
4)for the reasons given above是第二個主句的原因狀語。
第三、詞的處理：
owing to 因為，由于
mass-communications 大眾通訊
people everywhere 所有的人，各地的人
new wants 新的需求(要求，需要)
being exposed to 接觸到，感受到
customs and ideas 習俗和思想
introduce 推出，采取，施行
innovations 革新，革新措施
for the reasons given above 由于上述原因
完整的譯文：
由于大眾通訊的顯著發展，所有的人都不斷感到有新的需求，并不斷接觸到新的習俗和思想，由于上述原因，各國政府不得不經常采取更進一步的革新措施。
74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：in the early industrialized countries of Europe / the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, / whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
第二、句子的結構：
1)主干結構是復合句the process of industrialization...was spread over nearly a century, whereas...連詞whereas "而"，表示對比。
2)破折號中間的短語是附加成分，修飾主語中心詞process，其中social patterns后面that followed是一個定語從句。
3)因為是兩個對比句，所以可以根據上下文判斷：兩個句子的謂語spread over和undergo意思相近，the same process等于the process of industrialization.
第三、詞的處理：
industrialized countries 工業化國家
the process of industrialization 工業化進程，工業化過程
with ...that followed 隨……而來的，以及
far-reaching changes 深刻的變革，影響深遠的變化
social patterns 社會結構
spread over 持續，延續
nearly a century 大約(將近、幾乎)一個世紀
a developing nation 一個發展中國家
undergo 經歷
in a decade or so 在10年左右的時間
完整的譯文：
在先期實現工業化的歐洲國家里，其工業化進程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會結構變革持續了大約一個世紀，而如今一個發展中國家在10年左右的時間內就可以完成同樣的過程。
75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：Additional social stresses may also occur / because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-/themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.第二、句子的結構：1)主干結構是Additional social stresses may also occur because of...簡單句+ because of表示的原因狀語。整句翻譯應該根據先原因后結果的原則，將主句放在最后。
2) because of后面有兩個賓語the population explosion or problems
3)名詞problems帶有現在分詞短語作后置定語arising from mass migration movements
4) themselves指前面的名詞短語mass migration movements,后面的過去分詞短語是themselves的定語。
第三、詞的處理：
Additional social stresses 新的(額外的)社會壓力
occur 出現，產生
population explosion 人口猛增，人口爆炸
arising from 由……引起，產生于，來自于
mass migration movements 大量人口流動
migration 流動，遷移
modern means of transport 現代交通工具
means 工具，手段，途徑
完整的譯文：
由于人口猛增或大量人口流動(現代交通工具使大量人口流動變得相對容易)所引起的各種問題也會對社會造成新的壓力。
