解析:
61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
結構分析:
主句One difficulty // is // 表語從句 that 從句的主語almost all of / 賓語從句what is called / behavioral science(多重定語結構) // 謂語continues to trace behavior to // states of mind, // feelings, // traits of character, // human nature, // and so on.
詞義推敲:
One difficulty is that …:表語從句——由系動詞修飾和限定。難題之一在于、一個困難是。
almost all of / what is called / behavioral science:多重定語結構。幾乎所有的所謂的行為科學
what is called 所謂的
behavioral science行為科學
continue to依然/繼續/延續
trace … to 追蹤溯源
states of mind 心態,意識狀態
feelings 感情
traits of character 性格特點
human nature 人性
參考譯文:
難題之一在于/一個困難就是所謂的行為科學幾乎全都依然/繼續/延續從心態、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找/研究/探索/探究行為的根源。
得分重點:
表語從句,賓語從句,被動結構
62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
結構分析:
主句The behavioral sciences // have been slow / to change // 并列結構1 partly 原因狀語從句because // 主語 the explanatory items // often // 被動結構seem to be directly observed // 并列結構2 and partly 原因狀語從句because // 主語other kinds of explanations // 謂語have been hard / to find.
詞義推敲:
have been slow to change (一直)發展緩慢。
have been:完成時——一直,一向。
slow:緩慢的
change 改變,發展。
the explanatory items: 用以解釋的依據、要素(內容,項目)
item 內容,項目——依據、要素
seem to be directly observed:被動結構,最好不要用“被”字。似乎往往是(直接觀察到的/從直接觀察中得到的/來自于直接的觀察/是直接觀察的結果。
seem to be 似乎往往是
directly observed 直接觀察到的 / 從直接觀察中得到的 / 來自于直接的觀察 / 是直接觀察的結果
other kinds of explanations 其他的解釋方式 / 類型的解釋 / 種類的解釋
參考譯文:
(行為科學/行為科學的研究/行為學理論/行為科學方法)之所以(發展緩慢/變化很慢/發展很慢),部分原因是用來解釋(行為/它們/不譯)的(依據/因素/要素/內容/項目)似乎往往是(直接觀察到的/從直接觀察中得到的/來自于直接的觀察/是直接觀察的結果),部分原因是其他(的解釋方式/類型的解釋/種類的解釋)一直(難以找到/很難發現/獲得得十分困難/不容易被發現)。
得分重點:
原因狀語從句,并列結構,被動結構
63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
結構分析:
并列結構1 主語 多重定語The role of / natural selection / in evolution // 謂語 被動結構was formulated // 時間狀語結構only a little more than a hundred years ago, // 并列結構2 and 主語 多重定語結構the selective role of / the environment / in shaping and maintaining / the behavior of / the individual // 謂語is only beginning to / 被動結構be recognized and studied.
詞義推敲:
the role of natural selection in evolution:多重定語結構——后浪推前浪。我們可以范圍為:進化過程中自然選擇的作用。
in evolution:在演化中。
role:a function or position 功能,職位。
natural selection:自然選擇。
was formulated:得以(闡明/表述/解釋/論證/揭示)。被動結構——最好不要用“被”字。
formulated 闡述;表述;解釋;論證
only a little more than a hundred years ago:僅/只在一百多年前。
the selective role of / the environment / in shaping and maintaining / the behavior / of the individual:(保持/維護)個體行為時的選擇作用/角色。
in shaping and maintaining 在形成和保持……的過程中。
to be recognized and studied被動結構——最好不要用“被”字。(被 / 得到)(認識 / 承認 / 意識到 / 認可)和研究。
recognize:to perceive or show acceptance of the validity or reality of 承認,認可認識到或表現出接受…的合理性或真實性
參考譯文:
自然選擇在進化/演化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明/表述/解釋/論證/揭示,而環境在塑造/形成/造就和保持/維護個體行為時的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認識/承認/意識到/認可和研究。
得分重點:
并列結構,被動結構,多重定語結構
64)They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
結構分析:
主句并列結構1 主句They // are // 多重定語the possessions / of the autonomous (self-governing) man / of traditional theory, // 并列結構2 and 主句they // 're essential / to practices // 定語從句in / which // 主語a person // 謂語 并列結構11 被動結構is held responsible / for his conduct // and 并列結構22 被動結構 省略結構(a person is)given credit / for his achievements.
詞義推敲:
They:指代“freedom and dignity”,譯作“自由與尊嚴”
the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory:多重后置定語——后浪推前浪。我們可以翻譯為:傳統理論定義的(自主行為的/自我控制的/自我約束的/自主人/自治者/自我管理者)所擁有的(不譯/所有物/所具備的東西/財產/財富)。
autonomous (self-governing):自主行為的;自我管理的;自我約束的。
possession:wealth or property 財富,財產。
be essential to 必不可少的,非常重要的
practices 實踐活動
in which = in these practices,譯作“在這些實踐活動中”。
is held responsible for 對……負責
conduct:the way a person acts, especially from the standpoint of morality and ethics 操行,行為一個人行為的方式,尤指從道德和倫理的角度來看。
and given credit for 認可;贊譽;給予肯定
credit:approval for an act, ability, or quality; praise 贊同,贊揚對某一行為、能力或質量的贊同;贊揚
參考譯文:
自由和尊嚴是傳統理論定義的自主行為的/自我控制的/自我約束的/自主人/自治者/自我管理者所擁有的/財產/財富,而且他們是實踐活動/實踐/實際活動中必不可少的,在這些實踐活動中,一個人必須對他的行為負責,取得成績時他也必須得到表揚。
得分重點:
并列結構,多重定語結構,定語從句,被動結構,省略結構
65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
結構分析:
條件狀語從句Until // 主語these issues // 謂語 被動結構are resolved, // 主語a technology / of 省略結構behavior (science)謂語 // 被動結構will continue / to be rejected, // 省略結構and with it // possibly the only way / to solve our problems(will continue to be rejected).
詞義推敲:
until 除非,如果不
issue are resolved 被動結構——問題得以解決
a technology of behavior:研究行為(科學)的技術手段
to be rejected被動結構——受到排斥 / 被拋棄 / 被拒絕 / 被否定 / 被反對
and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems(will continue to be rejected)省略結構
with it 隨之;伴隨著它。
possibly the only way to solve our problems 解決問題的惟一方式 / 唯一可能解決問題的方式
參考譯文:
如果這些問題得不到解決/除非這些問題得到解決,研究行為的技術手段就會繼續受到排斥/被拋棄/被拒絕/被否定/被反對,解決問題的惟一方式可能也隨之受到排斥。
得分重點:
條件狀語從句,被動結構,省略結構