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2.2 Jurisdiction of the State Courts
2.2 州法院的管轄權
Each state has its own court system and each state court system has a trial court level and two levels of appellate review.
每一個州都有自己的法院體制，每一州法院體制都有一級初審法院和兩級上訴法院。
With reference to the jurisdiction of a court to hear a lawsuit, state courts are courts of general jurisdiction.
就法院對訴訟案件的管轄權而言，州法院是具有一般管轄權的法院。
Hence, as long as the defendant is served notice of the pending lawsuit, a state court may exert personal jurisdiction ，
所以法院一經向被告發出通知候審，就可以行使屬地管轄權，
(also referred to as "territorial jurisdiction") over the defendant and hear any civil matter.
審理民事案件。
A state court may exercise territorial jurisdiction in the following cases:
州法院可以行使屬地管轄權的案件有：
(1) a defendant consents to be used in the state where the state court is located;
（1）被告同意在該法庭所在地被起訴；
(2) the defendant is physically present in the forum state;
（2）被告本人身處該法庭所在州；
or (3)such state has a statute which authorizes the exercise of territorial jurisdiction over persons or properties outside the state's borders;
（3）該州有法律規定，授權對該州之外的人或財產行使屬地管轄權；
(4) the forum state is where the defendant is domiciled.
（4）該法庭所在州為被告住所地。
In addition to the above state courts with general jurisdiction, state courts are also courts with specialized trial jurisdiction,
除了上訴有一般審判管轄權的州法院外，還有具有專門審判管轄權的州法院，
such as criminal courts, circuit courts, civil courts, juvenile courts and probate courts.
如刑事法院、巡回法院、民事法院、未成年人法院和遺囑檢驗法庭。
