Scientists years ago found compelling evidence that black holes exist, but they were uncomfortable with singularities, because all scientific laws break down at these points. Most physicists believed that in the real universe the object at the heart of a black hole would besmall (but not dimensionless) and extremely dense (but not infinitely so). Enter Hawking. While still a graduate student, he and Mathematician Roger Penrose developed new techniques proving mathematically that if general relativity is correct, singularities must exist. Hawking went on to demonstrate — again if general relativity is correct— that the entire universemust have sprung from a singularity. As he wrote in his 1966 Ph. D. thesis, "There is a singularity in our past."
好多年以前，科學(xué)家們就發(fā)現(xiàn)了表明黑洞存在的有力證據(jù)，但對(duì)于奇點(diǎn)，他們都感到不安，因?yàn)樵谶@些點(diǎn)上，所有的科學(xué)原理都失效了。大多數(shù)物理學(xué)家認(rèn)為，在現(xiàn)實(shí)的宇宙中，黑洞中心的物體可能是微小的（但并非沒有維度），其密度也會(huì)是極高的（但并非無限髙）。這時(shí)候，霍金上場(chǎng)了。還在當(dāng)研究生的時(shí)候，他就和數(shù)學(xué)家羅杰·彭羅斯一起設(shè)計(jì)出一些新的方法，從數(shù)學(xué)上證明：如果廣義相對(duì)論是正確的，那么奇點(diǎn)就一定存在。霍金接著還證明：如果廣義相對(duì)論是正確的，那么整個(gè)宇宙一定是從一個(gè)奇點(diǎn)中產(chǎn)生出來的。正如他在1966年的博士論文中所寫的那樣:“在我們的過去有個(gè)奇點(diǎn)。”
Stephen later discerned several new characteristics of black holes and demonstrated that the amazing forces of the Big Bang would have created mini-black holes, each with a mass about that of a terrestrial mountain, but no larger than the subatomic proton. Then, applying the quantum theory (which accurately describes the random, uncertain subatomic world) instead of general relativity (which, it turns out, falters in that tiny realm), Hawking was startled to find that the mini-black holes must emit particles and radiation. Even more remarkable, the little holes would gradually evaporate and, 10 billion years or so after their creation, explode with the energy or millions of H-bombs.
后來斯蒂芬又發(fā)現(xiàn)了黑洞的一些新的特點(diǎn)，并且證明：“大爆炸”的巨大力量可能造成了一些小黑洞，每個(gè)微小黑洞的質(zhì)量大約相當(dāng)于地球上一座大山的質(zhì)量，而體積不會(huì)大于亞原子質(zhì)子。接著，霍金在應(yīng)用量子論而不是廣義相對(duì)論時(shí)——因?yàn)榱孔诱摼_地描述了那個(gè)不規(guī)則、不確定的亞原子世界，而廣義相對(duì)論卻在這個(gè)小小的領(lǐng)域中不起作用——驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些微小黑洞一定在放射粒子與輻射線。更值得注意的是，那些微小黑洞竟會(huì)逐漸蒸發(fā)，并在它們形成后一百億年左右發(fā)生爆炸，釋放出相當(dāng)于幾百萬顆氫彈的能量。
來源:可可英語 http://www.ccdyzl.cn/daxue/201612/467424.shtml
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