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第3課
倒裝：倒裝有全部倒裝和部分倒裝。
謂語部分所有單詞都放在主語前是全部倒裝。謂語的一部分放在主語的前面是部分倒裝。
謂語中的一部分通常是指：1、系動詞；2、助動詞；3、情態動詞。
全部倒裝的五條原則：
1. There be句型（表示有）；
2. 以There或now開頭的句子，且句子謂語動詞為come或go；
There you go again. 你又去那里了。
3. 以Here開頭的句子，且句子謂語動詞為系動詞be；Here you are. 拿去。
4. 以副詞out, in, up, down, away開頭的句子；
在2、3、4前提下，如果句子的主語是代詞則用陳述句語序。
5. 以狀語（常見的是地點狀語）開頭的句子。
部分倒裝的六條原則：
1. so放在句首時表示承前肯定，這個句子用部分倒裝；
nor, neither放在句首時表示承前否定，句子也用部分倒裝；
2. 省略了引導詞if 的虛擬條件從句，可以把從句中的had, should, could, were中的任何一個提到從句最前面的位置，構成部分倒裝；
3. as, though表示“盡管”時引導從句，從句中的表語可以置于引導詞之前構成部分倒裝；
系動詞后面的部分就是表語，形容詞、名詞、名詞性短語可以置于系動詞之后。
例如：She is beautiful. They are students.
四級考試中出現的是由動詞的過去分詞轉變的形容詞作表語的形式。
26. _B_ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.
A Being published B Published C Publishing D To be published
當題干是as引導一個從句，且as前為一個空格時他表示的就是盡管，空格處要填的就是表語。
being published 正在被出版；to be published 將要被出版。
此句恢復正常語序應為：As it was published at such a time …
4. 表示否定含義的單詞或短語放在句首，句子用部分倒裝；
常見的一些表示否定含義的單詞：never, little, few, hardly (… when), scarcely (… when) ；
seldom 難得，不常；nowhere 哪里都不。
常見的一些表示否定含義的短語：in no way 決不；on no account 決不；
under no circumstances 在任何情況下都不。
5. only + 狀語放在句首，句子用部分倒裝；（如果only去掉就是全部倒裝）
43. Only under special circumstances _C_ to take make-up tests.
A permitted are freshmen B freshmen are permitted
C are freshmen permitted D are permitted freshmen
freshmen 新生；make up for 彌補，補償；make-up tests 補考（緩考）。
6. 注意兩個表達形式：come what may 無論發生什么情況；say what you will 暢所欲言。
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強調句式的補充內容：被強調部分是疑問詞時的情況。
60. When I try to understand _C_ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect,it seems to me that there are two causes.
A why it does B what it does C what it is D why it is
prevent sb. from doing sth. 妨礙（阻止）某人做某事。
強調部分本為：it is what that prevents so many …
又因為句中有疑問詞，應寫為：what is it that prevents so ...
但強調句式在句中作賓語成分，故正確寫法為：what it is that …
50. I like watching TV _C_ to the cinema.
A more than to go B than going C more than going D rather than to go
than 除構成固定短語外就要與比較級搭配，不會單獨出現；rather than + 動詞原形；
平行結構，遇到平行結構時應做的兩步：
1 找出連接詞，2 使要填部分與已給出的對應部分形式完全一樣。
51. I appreciate _D_ to your home.
A to be invited B to have invited C having invited D being invited
appreciate + 動名詞（不能加動詞原形，不能加句子）。
41. I would appreciate _B_ it a secret.
A you to keep B your keeping C that you keep D that you will keep
your keeping 動名詞的復合結構。you keeping 也是正確的。
52. I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into _C_ when judging my examination.
A regard B counting C account D observation
take sth. into account 考慮。
54. Important people don’t often have much free time as their work _C_ all their time.
A take away B take over C take up [占據] D take in
55. When I was very young, I was terribly frightened of school, but I soon ___ it.
A got off B got across C got away D got over
got over it 克服戰勝。
56. Many people complain of the rapid _C_ of modern life.
A rate B speed C pace D growth
pace 節奏；rapid pace of modern life現在生活快節奏。
57. San Francisco is usually cool in the summer, but Los Angeles _B_.
A is rarely B rarely is C hardly is D is scarcely
rarely, usually 都是頻度副詞。通常頻度副詞的位置在系動詞之后，表示實在意思的詞前面。
58. The speaker, _D_ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience.
A having known B being known C knowing D known
know 沒有現在分詞；know 用主動形式時只能和兩個介詞搭配：of, about。
known for 以…而著名。
60. I couldn’t find _A_, and so I took this one.
A a large enough coat B an enough large coat
C a large coat enough D a coat enough large
enough 修飾形容詞時要放到形容詞后面。
61. I always _B_ what I have said.
A get to B hold to C lead to D see to
本題所有選項中的to都是介詞，其后加動詞動名詞的形式。
hold to 堅守，信守；see to 負責做，處理，照料（后面加的都是某件事情，不加人）
62. No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _C_ we all sat down to rest.
A when B then C than D until
no sooner … than 一…就…
63. Evidence came up _C_ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.
A what B which C that D whose
evidence 證據、sign 跡象、fact 事實，后面都要帶同位語從句，且從句用that引導。
64. He moved away from his parents, and missed them _A_ enjoy the exciting life in New York. [too … to，太…而不能…]
A too much to B enough to C very much to D much so as to
65. He was _C_ of having asked such a silly question.
A sorry B guilty C ashamed D miserable
guilty adj. 有罪的；be ashamed of 因…而羞愧（不好意思）的；miserable adj. 悲慘的。
66. The last time we had a family reunion was _B_ my brother's wedding ceremony four years ago.
A in B at C during D over
ceremony n. 典禮，儀式。要表達在某典禮（儀式）上用介詞at。
at the graduation ceremony 在畢業典禮上。
67. What _A_ would happen if the director knew you felt that way?
A do you suppose B you suppose C will you suppose D you would suppose
do you supposed 常做插入語。
68. _D_ the advances of science, the discomforts of old age will no doubt always be with us. [despite prep. 盡管；as for 關于，至于]
A As for B Besides C Except D Despite
69. How close parents are to their children _B_ a strong influence on the character of the children.
A have B has C having D to have
influence on 對…造成影響，很大的影響中形容詞用的是strong。
70. He _A_ when the bus came to a sudden stop.
A was almost hurt B was hurt himself C was to hurt himself D was hurting himself
hurt oneself 自殘；be to + 動詞原形，將要做某事；
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41. Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _C_ for her examination.
A to prepare B to be prepared C preparing D being prepared
be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事
42. Five minutes earlier, _A_ we could have caught the last train.
A and B but C or D an order
and 在這里表示一種結果，翻譯成“那么（和）”。只有兩種情況下and才會這樣翻譯：
1. 省略句 ＋and + 句子；2. 祈使句 ＋and + 句子。
47. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _B_ advertisements showing happy balanced families.
A are often seeing B will often see C often see D have often seen
43. I cannot give you _D_ for the type of car you sell because there is no demand for it in the market.
A an expense B a charge C a purchase D an order
order n. 定購，訂單；purchase n. 購買。
45. By the end of this month, we surely _C_ a satisfactory solution to the problem.
A have found B will be finding C will have found D are finding
如果一個句子的時間狀語是由by引導的，則時態要選擇完成時態。
將來的行為在將來的某個時間之前就已完成用將來完成時。
solution to a problem 一個問題的解決方案。
46. Mr. Wilson said that he did not want to _A_ any further responsibilities.
A take on B get on C put up D look up
take on 承擔；take on responsibility 承擔責任。
47. Having no money but _B_ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.
A not to want anyone B not wanting anyone C wanted no one D to want no one
dinner n. 正餐（多指晚餐）；supper n. 夜宵，晚餐；breakfast n. 早餐；lunch n. 午餐；
brunch n. 早午餐。[but前后的句子要平衡]
48. We desire that the tour leader _A_ us immediately of any change in plans.
A inform B informs C informed D has informed
desire v. 要求，表要求時后面加句子要用虛擬語氣，(should) + 動詞原形。
其他同樣用法的詞還有ask, demand, request, require.
49. Not _B_, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.
A obviously B surprisingly C particularly D normally
not surprisingly 一點也不奇怪。vary vi. 變化。
vary from … to … 從一種形式變化到另一種形式。vary between … and … 在兩者之間進行變化。
29. Features such as height, weight, and skin color _B_ from individual to individual and from face to face.
A change B vary C alter D convert
individual n. 個人，個體；individualism n. 個人主義。
44. The hope, goals, fears and desires _D_ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor.
A alter B shift C transfer D vary
50. A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time _A_ the guards discovered what had happened.
A before B until C since D when
It + 系動詞+ 一段時間+ before引導的句子 在…之前花費多少時間。
54. Scientists say it may be five or ten years _D_ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
A since B when C after D before
51. In the experiment we kept a watchful eye _D_ the developments and recorded every detail. [keep a watchful eye on 密切主意，留神]
A in B at C for D on
52. There's little chance that mankind would _D_ a nuclear war.
A retain B endure C maintain D survive
retain vt. 保持，保留；endure v. 忍受；maintain vt. 維持，保持，堅持認為；
survive vi. 生存；vt. 活過… （賓語為某種災難）。survive a flood 活過一場洪水。
前綴sur表示過… ，外，超；vive 表示生活，強調活著。
54.They usually havelessmoney at the end of the monththan_C_ at the beginning.
A which is B which was C they have D it is
less … than句子前后要平衡結構。
55. In the course of a day studentsdofar more thanjust _A_ classes.
A attend B attended C to attend D attending
far more than 遠遠多于，遠不止于；也要句子前后平衡結構。
56. The French pianist [n. 鋼琴師] who had been praised very highly _C_ to be a great disappointment.
A turned up B turned in C turned out D turned down
turn up 后面不加賓語表示出現，后面加賓語表示將聲音調高，調大；
turn in + 賓語 上繳，交出；turn down 將聲音調低，調小；拒絕；
refuse sb. 指直接的回絕；turn sb. down 則指委婉的拒絕；
turn out + 動詞不定式 最終證明是，結果是。
