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第2課
非謂語動詞與獨立主格：短語，句子（或者句子，短語）
1.當短語部分有獨立主語，并且該主語不同于句子主語，這時短語結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨立主格。（它最明顯的特點是短語部分有獨立的主語）。
獨立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)1：名詞（代詞）+ 分詞[現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞]
現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的，正在進行的行為；過去分詞表示被動的，已經(jīng)完成的行為。 作題時要通過判斷動作與名詞（代詞）之間的關系來確定是使用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞。當動作由名詞（代詞）發(fā)出時使用現(xiàn)在分詞，而名詞（代詞）是受動者時則用過去分詞。
54. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _B_ it closely.
A followed B following C to follow D being followed
49. All things _A_, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A considered B be considered C considering D having considered
call off 取消；cancel vt. 取消； 四級中的考點就是現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別。
獨立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)2：with + 名詞（代詞）+ 分詞 [句子當中作狀語]
36. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school.
A to be encouraged B been encouraged C being encouraged D be encouraged
as well as 和（相當于and）；be encouraged不會考。
動詞不定式有預示將來行為的含義。to beencouraged 將要被鼓勵；
been encouraged 已經(jīng)被鼓勵完了，與主句的謂語動詞相對；beingencouraged 正在被鼓勵
2.短語部分沒有獨立主語，則短語結(jié)構(gòu)稱為非謂語動詞。
非謂語動詞的結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞（分詞短語）
句子的主語決定非謂語動詞中的分詞是用主動還是被動形式。如果是句子的主語發(fā)出動作，則使用現(xiàn)在分詞；如果動作不是由句子的主語發(fā)出，則使用過去分詞。
43.No matter how frequently _A_, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.
A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed
perform vt. 表演，演出，演奏；
to be performed 將要被演奏；being performed 正在被演奏；
一些特殊的動詞：
第一點：forget 忘記；[反義] remember 記得；
這兩個詞后加動詞不定式表示將要進行的行為；這兩個詞后加動詞ing形式表示已經(jīng)做過的事情。
注意：動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞形式一樣，但含義不同。這兩個詞后加動詞ing形式都是動名詞。
forget to do sth. 忘記要去做某事；forget doing sth. 忘記做過某事；
remember to do sth. 記得要去做某事；remember doing sth. 記得做過某事；
62. I remember _B_ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
A once offering B him once offering C him to offer D to offer him
offer vt. 提出，提供；offer sb. sth. / offer to do sth.
him once offering 如果改成his once offering 也正確。
動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)：凡是一個動詞的后面可以加動名詞，就可以加動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。
動作發(fā)出者+ 動名詞；當動作發(fā)出者名字給出時：名詞所有格+ 動名詞；當動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)在文章中出現(xiàn)，且動作發(fā)出者在前文中提過時：形容詞物主代詞（賓格）+ 動名詞。
形容詞物主代詞：his, her, my, your, their, our。代詞賓格：him, her, me, you, us, them。
第二點：want 想要；want to do sth. 想做某事；want doing 客觀需要或缺乏。
48. Your hair wants _B_. You'd better have it done tomorrow.
A cut B cutting C to cut D being cut
注意：want doing 中doing表示的是被動含義。
18. This room is so dirty that it wants _A_.
A cleaning B to clean C being cleaned D cleaned
第三點：mean 意味；mean to do sth. 打算做某事，意欲… ；mean doing 意味著，…的意思是…
25. There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _B_ trouble. [reception desk 接待臺]
A making B to make C to have made D having made
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55. The children went there to watch the iron tower _D_.
A to erect B be erected C erecting D being erected
watch 看電視用，看比賽用；see 看電影用；
感官動詞watch, see, hear； 感官動詞+ 名詞（代詞）+ do
be erected 強調(diào)的是動作的結(jié)果；being erected 強調(diào)的是動作的過程。
56. The engine _D_ smoke and steam.
A gives up B gives in C gives away D gives off
give up 放棄；give in 屈服，讓步；give off 釋放，放出（煙和氣體）；
give away 泄露，走漏風聲；婚禮中新郎的父親把新娘的手交給新郎的過程；贈送禮品。
57. The manager promised to keep me _C_ of how our business was going on.
A to be informed B on informing C informed D informing
keep sb. + 分詞；inform v. 通知，告知；inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某件事情
keep me informed 使我被告知。
60. The goals _B_ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.
A after which B for which C with which D at which
fight with sb. （注意要看整個句子）；fight with + 工具 用該工具來打仗。fight for 為…而戰(zhàn)。
I fight with him. 我和他打起來了。I fight with him against her. 我和他并肩對付她。
61. I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and _B_ in a quiet neighborhood.
A all in all B above all C after all D over all
all in all 總而言之；above all 首先，尤其是；after all 畢竟，終究；overall 全面的，總體的
in a word 總之，in short 簡而言之，in conclusion 最后，總之，to sum up總之，總而言之。
62. _B_ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.
A For now B Now that C Ever since D By now
now that 既然，由于（相當于since）；ever since 自從…以來。
與that搭配且后面可以加句子的幾個表達形式：
now that 既然，由于；in that 因為；except that 除…之外。
except后面加名詞或代詞；except that后面加句子。
63. What you have done is _D_ the doctor’s orders.
A attached to B responsible to C resistant to D contrary to
be attached to 連接，附屬；This school is attached to Beida. 這所學校附屬于北大。
responsible to 對…負有責任；resistant adj. 反抗的，抵抗的；water resistant 防水的。
be contrary to 與..相反（相違背）。
64. John regretted _A_ to the meeting last week.
A not going B not to go C not having been going D not to be going
regret doing 后悔做過某事；regret to do sth. 遺憾的做某事（應用語境非常有限）。
63. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are _B_.
A out of work B out of stock C out of reach D out of practice
out of work 失業(yè)；out of reach 夠不著within reach 夠得著；out of practice 缺乏練習。
65. They _C_ in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.
A carried out B carried off C carried on D carried forward
in spite of 盡管；carry on 堅持，繼續(xù)。
66. Mrs. Brown is supposed _A_ for
A to have left B to be leaving C to leave D to have been left
be supposed to do sth. 應該（理應）做某事。
37. He’s watching TV? He’s _D_ to be cleaning his room.
A known B considered C regarded D supposed
regard as 把…認作
67. My camera can be _B_ to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.
A treated B adjusted C adopted D remedied
treat 對待，處理；I’ll treat you. 我請客，應用于真正請客之前。It’s on me. 應用于結(jié)帳時。
adjust vt. 調(diào)整，調(diào)節(jié)；adopt vt. 收養(yǎng)，領養(yǎng)；remedy vt. 彌補，補救，修正；
68. A new technique _C_, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.
A working out B having worked out
C having been worked out D to have been worded out
yields 產(chǎn)量；work out 作出，推出
關于百分數(shù)之前介詞的用法
increase to 80 percent 增加到80% （增加到用to）
increase by 60 percent增加了60% （表示增加的幅度用by）
55. Between 1974 and 1997, the number of overseas visitors expanded _A_ 27%.
A by B for C to D in
69. Children who are over-protected by their parents may become _C_.
A hurt B damaged C spoiled D harmed
spoil vt. 寵壞，溺愛
70. When Mr. Jones gets old, he will _B_ over his business to his son.
A take B hand C think D get
take over 接管接收；hand over 移交，交出；think over 仔細考慮；get over 克服，戰(zhàn)勝。
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41. We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let’s have _A_ one this month.
A another B more C the other D other
不定代詞：1 兩者中的一個用one；另一個則用the other；2 很多東西中的一個用one；
剩下的所有叫the others；3 很多東西中的一個用one；剩下的所有里面再拿一個叫another；
在剩下的里面再拿一個還叫another（單數(shù)概念）；4 很多東西中拿了若干出來用some；
剩下所有叫others；other 后通常要加可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式；more 要用在數(shù)詞的后面
once more 再來一個（用于很不正式的場合）vravo 再來一個（用于正式場合）
44. No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to _A_.
A the other B any other C another D other
neither 兩者中任意一者都不
42. It was difficult to guess what her _B_ to the news would be.
A impression B reaction C comment D opinion
reaction n. 反應；reaction to 對…作出反應。
43. I decided to go to the library as soon as I _D_.
A finish what I did B finished what I did
C would finish what I was doing D finished what I was doing
as soon as所引導的時間狀語從句與主句的時態(tài)搭配有一種情況是主從句都用一般過去時。
45. We are interested in the weather because it _B_ us so directly what we wear, what we do, and even how we feel.
A benefits B affects C guides D effects
affect vt. 影響；effect n. 影響。
46. Will all those _D_ the proposal raise their hands?
A in relation to B in contrast to C in excess of D in favor of
in relation to 與…相比；in contrast to 與…形成對照；
in excess of 超過，超出（一定的限定范圍）；in favor of 贊同，支持。
47. Children are very curious _D_.
A at heart B in person C on purpose D by nature
at heart 在心理，在內(nèi)心；heart 強調(diào)的是內(nèi)心的感情，mind 強調(diào)的是思維，頭腦，soul 靈魂
in person 親自，本人；on purpose 有意的，故意的；by nature 生性（天性）使然。
48. The match was cancelled because most of the members _A_ a match without a standard court.
A objected to having B were objected to have
C objected to have D were objected to having
58. The man in the corner confessed to _B_ a lie to the manager of the company.
A have told B having told C being told D be told
confess v. 懺悔；confess to 承認，坦白。
49. The teacher doesn’t permit _C_ in class.
A smoke B to smoke C smoking D to have a smoke
permit v. 允許，準許；permit sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事；permit doing 允許做某事。
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21. As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order, we have to _D_ it.
A postpone B refuse C delay D cancel
22. These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you _A_ you need.
A all the information B all the informations
C all of information D all of the informations
23. Not until the game had begun _C_ at the sports ground.
A had he arrived B would he have arrived C did he arrive D should he have arrived
24. Young people are not _B_ to stand and look at works of art; they want art they can participate in. [參與，參加]
A conservative B content C confident D generous
conservative adj. 保守的；conservative party 保守黨；content adj. 甘愿的，滿足的；
confident adj. 自信的，有信心的；generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的。
25. Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the medium is _C_.
A granted B implied C exaggerated D remedied
maintain 堅持認為；medium n. 媒體單數(shù)，media n. 媒體復數(shù)；
grant vt. 授予，給予；imply vt. 隱含，暗示；exaggerate v. 夸大，夸張，高估；
remedy vt. 彌補，補救，修正。
26. These surveys indicate that many crimes go _A_ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them. [victims 受害人]
A unrecorded B to be unrecorded C unrecording D to have been unrecorded
27. I have no objection _B_ your story again. [object to + 動名詞]
A to hear B to hearing C to having heard D to have heard
28. The clothes a person wears may express his _B_ or social position.
A curiosity B status C determination D significance
status n. 身份，地位；significance n. 意義，重要性；
29. By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have _D_ opportunity to change his mind.
A accurate B urgent C excessive D adequate
accurate adj. 精確的；urgent adj. 緊急的，緊迫的；excessive adj. 過多的，過度的；
adequate adj. 充足的，足夠的。
30. You will see this product _B_ wherever you go.
A to be advertised B advertised C advertise D advertising
31. The early pioneers had to _C_ many hardships to settle on the new land.
A go along with B go back on C go through D go into
go through 經(jīng)歷
32. The suggestion that the major _B_ the prizes was accepted by everyone.
A would present B present C presents D ought to present
suggestion, suggest 所引導的句子都用虛擬語氣。should + （動詞原形）
34. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _B_ at the next town.
A to stop B stopping C stop D having stopped
suggest + doing也可以
33. Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _A_ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.
A whose B which C that D what
whose指代的就是他前面的male drinkers.
35. I didn't know the word. I had to _C_ a dictionary.
A look out B make out C refer to D go over
look up 查閱；look up a word in a dictionary 在字典中查單詞；
reference n. 參考書目；reference room 資料室；
36. The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _D_ his arguments in favour of the new theory. [sufficient 充足的，足夠的；grounds 論據(jù)；arguments 論點]
A to be based on B to base on C which to base on D on which to base
base vt. 以…作基礎，基于… which引導從句時，如果從句是介詞結(jié)尾則介詞應在which之前。
on which (he is) to base
37. There are signs _A_ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A that B which C in which D whose
sign n. 跡象；fact n. 事實；evidence n. 證據(jù)；后面常加同位語從句來說明具體內(nèi)容。
同位語從句用that（不能省略）引導。
38. I think I was at school, _A_ I was staying with a friend during the vacation when I heard the news. [or else 否則，要不然]
A or else B and then C or so D even so
39. It is said that the math teacher seems _A_ towards bright students.
A partial B beneficial C preferable D liable
partial adj. 偏袒的，偏愛的（經(jīng)常與to或towards搭配）
40. In order to show his boss what a careful worker he was, he took _C_ trouble over the figures. [figures 數(shù)目，數(shù)據(jù)；extra 額外的，附加的]
A extensive B spare C extra D supreme
41. - "May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock tonight?"
- "I'm sorry. Mr. Williams _A_ to a conference long before then."
A will have gone B had gone C would have gone D has gone
當要表達將來的行為在將來的某時間之前完成用將來完成時，將來完成時結(jié)構(gòu)：will have + p.p.
42. You _D_ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.
A shouldn't follow B mustn't follow
C couldn't' have been following D shouldn't have been following
should have + p.p. 本應該；shouldn’t have + p.p. 本不應該
43. The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _D_ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.
A have allowed B allow C allowing D allows
part-time 兼職；full-time 全職；flexible working patterns 彈性工作制；training 培訓；
retraining 再培訓；take advantage 利用；
44. Everybody _A_ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.
A assembled B accumulated C piled D joined
assembled 聚集；secretary 書記。
45. Putting in a new window will _B_ cutting away part of the roof.
A include B involve C contain D comprise
involve 引起，與…直接有關
46. Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _C_ obtaining fresh water is not the least. [the least 最高級]
A with which B for which C of which D which
42. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _C_ obtaining water is not the least. [the least 最高級]
A for which B to which C of which D in which
47. In the _C_ of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to $30 million. [in the event of 萬一，如果]
A face B time C event D course
in the face of 面對；in the time of 在…時期；in the course of 在…期間。
48. The manager would rather his daughter _D_ in the same office.
A had not worked B not to work C does not work D did not work
would rather + 動詞原形；would rather + 句子（用虛擬語氣，句子謂語動詞用一般過去時）
49. _D_, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.
A Although much he likes her B Much although he likes her
C As he likes her much D Much as he likes her
如果用although引導則應改成：Although he likes her very much, …
50. The British constitution is _B_ a largeextenta product of the historical events described above. [無論是在空格前還是后，如果出現(xiàn)了名詞extent要找介詞就著to]
A within B to C by D at
to a large extent 在很大程度上。
