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The Endangered Species Act had widespread support when President Richard Nixon signed it into law late in 1973.
1973年底，美國總統(tǒng)理查德·尼克松簽署《瀕危物種法》時(shí)，該法案得到了廣泛的支持。
In the 50 years since, the effects of the legislation have been both successful and complex.
在此后的50年里，這項(xiàng)法案的效果既成功又復(fù)雜。
Most Americans celebrated the law that helped save animals such as the bald eagle and bison.
大多數(shù)美國人贊揚(yáng)這項(xiàng)幫助拯救禿鷹和野牛等動(dòng)物的法律。
But when the law stood in the way of economic progress, many questioned whether it was too strong.
但當(dāng)這項(xiàng)法案阻礙經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展時(shí)，許多人質(zhì)疑它是否過于強(qiáng)大。
The act took effect around the same time as other laws designed to protect natural resources such as water, air and the wilderness.
該法案與其他旨在保護(hù)水、空氣和荒野等自然資源的法律幾乎同時(shí)生效。
In the 1960s and 1970s, no other country in the world had put such wide protections into place.
在20世紀(jì)60年代和70年代，世界上沒有其他國家實(shí)施過如此廣泛的保護(hù)措施。
Concerns came later when the law prevented projects such as a hydroelectric dam in Tennessee from moving forward.
后來，當(dāng)這項(xiàng)法案阻止了田納西州水電站大壩等項(xiàng)目的推進(jìn)時(shí)，人們開始擔(dān)心。
The concern? A small river fish no one had ever heard of.
擔(dān)心什么？一種沒人聽說過的小河魚。
That fish is called the snail darter.
這種魚叫蝸牛魚。
Plans to protect the fish held up progress on the Tellico Dam for more than two years.
保護(hù)這種魚的計(jì)劃使泰利庫大壩的建設(shè)進(jìn)度推遲了兩年多。
Biologists eventually decided to catch the small fish and move it to other rivers.
生物學(xué)家最終決定捕捉這種小魚，并將其轉(zhuǎn)移到其他河流。
The fish population grew over time and the snail darters were removed from the endangered species list in 1984.
隨著時(shí)間的推移，這種魚的數(shù)量不斷增加，1984年，蝸牛魚被從瀕危物種名單中刪除。
About one year ago, the fish had fully recovered.
大約一年前，這種魚完全恢復(fù)。
Jim Williams was the first so-called "fish guy" in the Office of Endangered Species.
吉姆·威廉姆斯是瀕危物種辦公室的第一個(gè)所謂的“魚人”。
When his group listed the fish, he recalled, the decision made a lot of people upset.
他回憶說，當(dāng)他的組織將這種魚列入名單時(shí)，這個(gè)決定讓很多人感到不安。
He said his director told him not to list the fish.
他說，他的主管當(dāng)時(shí)告訴他不要把這種魚列入名單。
But Williams said he planned to follow the law and make decisions based on facts, not on possible public reaction.
但威廉姆斯表示，他計(jì)劃遵守法律，根據(jù)事實(shí)做出決定，而不是根據(jù)可能的公眾反應(yīng)。
The snail darter decision showed the U.S. government that the law was going to be difficult to manage.
把蝸牛魚列入名單的決定向美國政府表明，這項(xiàng)法案會(huì)很難管理。
Some said the government should not try to save all species.
有些人表示，政府不應(yīng)該試圖拯救所有物種。
Others said all animals and plants should be safe from extinction.
其他人表示，所有的動(dòng)植物都應(yīng)該免于滅絕。
The debate continues today.
直到今天爭論仍在繼續(xù)。
Many more disputes over the protection of species came up over the next 45 years.
在接下來的45年里，出現(xiàn)了更多關(guān)于物種保護(hù)的爭論。
In each case, employees at the Endangered Species Office made decisions that upset some people but ultimately saved the animals.
在每一個(gè)案例中，瀕危物種辦公室的員工做出的決定都讓一些人感到不安，但最終拯救了動(dòng)物。
In northern Minnesota in the 1980s, the gray wolf population had recovered from only around a few hundred to about 1,000.
20世紀(jì)80年代，在明尼蘇達(dá)州北部，灰狼的數(shù)量從幾百只左右恢復(fù)到了1000只左右。
The Endangered Species Act had helped save the gray wolf.
《瀕危物種法》幫助拯救了灰狼。
With the population growing, people wanted permission to hunt the animals.
隨著灰狼數(shù)量的增長，人們希望獲得狩獵灰狼的許可。
The Fish and Wildlife Service sought to cooperate with the state of Minnesota and open the gray wolf to hunting.
美國魚類及野生動(dòng)植物管理局試圖與明尼蘇達(dá)州合作，開放狩獵灰狼。
The move required a regulation showing that a hunting season would help the wolves and was the only way to control their population.
這一舉措需要一項(xiàng)規(guī)定，表明狩獵季節(jié)對灰狼有利，是控制它們數(shù)量的唯一方法。
Ron Nowak was a wolf expert in the Endangered Species Office at the time.
羅恩·諾瓦克當(dāng)時(shí)是瀕危物種辦公室的狼專家。
The Fish and Wildlife Service told Nowak to write the regulation.
美國魚類及野生動(dòng)植物管理局讓諾瓦克起草這項(xiàng)規(guī)定。
"And I said, 'It would be illegal,'" Nowak said.
諾瓦克說：“我說，‘這是違法的’”。
The Fish and Wildlife Service found someone else to write the regulation.
美國魚類及野生動(dòng)植物管理局找到了其他人來起草這項(xiàng)規(guī)定。
Conservation groups took legal action and called Nowak as a witness.
環(huán)保組織采取了法律行動(dòng)，并傳喚諾瓦克作為證人。
He traveled to Minnesota to tell the government that wolves should not be open to hunting.
他前往明尼蘇達(dá)州告訴政府，不應(yīng)該開放狩獵灰狼。
LaVerne Smith started working in the Endangered Species Office in 1978.
拉維恩·史密斯于1978年開始在瀕危物種辦公室工作。
Soon after came a major decision involving the California condor, the largest bird native to North America.
不久之后，一項(xiàng)有關(guān)加州禿鷹的重大決定出臺(tái)了，加州禿鷹是北美本地最大的鳥類。
By 1982, only 23 California condors were left.
到1982年，加州禿鷹的數(shù)量只有23只。
Biologists were looking at whether the species could be saved.
生物學(xué)家當(dāng)時(shí)正在研究是否可以拯救這個(gè)物種。
The office made a plan to move the remaining birds into a safe and closed area and breed them.
該辦公室制定了一項(xiàng)計(jì)劃，即將剩余的禿鷹轉(zhuǎn)移到一個(gè)安全、封閉的區(qū)域，并進(jìn)行繁殖。
The plan worked.
這個(gè)計(jì)劃奏效了。
Today, there are more than 400 California condors.
如今，有400多只加州禿鷹。
They can even be seen flying over the Grand Canyon.
人們甚至可以看到它們在大峽谷上空飛翔。
Smith said, "the day I saw one sail over the Grand Canyon, I was like, 'Oh my God! That was all worth it.'"
史密斯說：“在我看到一只禿鷹飛過大峽谷的那天，我就想，‘哦，天哪！這一切都值得。’”
Later in her career, Smith led the effort to list the polar bear as endangered.
在她職業(yè)生涯的后期，史密斯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了將北極熊列為瀕危物種的項(xiàng)目。
It marked the first time an animal was listed as endangered because of climate change.
這標(biāo)志著首次因氣候變化而將一種動(dòng)物列為瀕危物種。
Marc Imlay began working at the Endangered Species Office in 1971, two years before the current Endangered Species Act was passed.
馬克·伊姆利于1971年開始在瀕危物種辦公室工作，也就是現(xiàn)行的《瀕危物種法》通過的前兩年。
Imlay is an expert on mollusks – small animals including snails, mussels and slugs.
伊姆利是軟體動(dòng)物專家，軟體動(dòng)物包括蝸牛、貽貝和鼻涕蟲等小動(dòng)物。
He had concerns that hydroelectric dams were putting freshwater mussels in danger in states such as Missouri and Tennessee.
他擔(dān)心水電站大壩會(huì)將密蘇里州和田納西州等州的淡水貽貝置于危險(xiǎn)之中。
At one point, Imlay decided to make a phone call to a conservation group in Missouri to tell them that a planned dam would put the mussels in danger.
有一次，伊姆利決定給密蘇里州的一個(gè)環(huán)保組織打電話，告訴他們計(jì)劃中的大壩會(huì)將貽貝置于危險(xiǎn)之中。
The call worked.
這一通電話奏效了。
He got locals to pay attention to the organism and the dam was stopped.
他讓當(dāng)?shù)厝岁P(guān)注到了這種生物，大壩被叫停了。
In time, his work prevented a number of dams from being built.
隨著時(shí)間的推移，他的工作阻止了一些大壩的修建。
While some could argue that Imlay slowed economic progress, he said in other cases he found a way to help development move forward.
雖然有些人可能會(huì)辯稱，伊姆利致使經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展速度減緩了，但他說，在其他情況下，他找到了一種幫助發(fā)展向前推進(jìn)的方法。
"Time and time again," he said, "you can work with a developer" to save high-quality land.
“一次又一次，”他說，“你可以與開發(fā)者合作”拯救高質(zhì)量的土地。
I'm Dan Friedell.
丹·弗里德爾為您播報(bào)。
譯文為可可英語翻譯，未經(jīng)授權(quán)請勿轉(zhuǎn)載！
