來源于《社論》版塊
Fake nudes
虛假裸體
Sex, lies and politics
性、謊言和政治
As deepfake technology spreads, expect more bogus sex tapes of female politicians
隨著deepfake技術(shù)的傳播，可以預(yù)料會(huì)有更多女性政客的虛假性愛錄像
Adulterer, pervert, traitor, murderer. In France in 1793, no woman was more relentlessly slandered than Marie Antoinette. Political pamphlets spread baseless rumours of her depravity. Some drawings showed her with multiple lovers, male and female. Others portrayed her as a harpy, a notoriously disagreeable mythical beast that was half bird-of-prey, half woman. Such mudslinging served a political purpose. The revolutionaries who had overthrown the monarchy wanted to tarnish the former queen’s reputation before they cut off her head.
奸夫、變態(tài)、叛徒、殺人犯。1793年，在法國沒有哪個(gè)女人比瑪麗亞·安東尼特更受到無情的誹謗。政治小冊子散布有關(guān)她墮落的毫無根據(jù)的謠言。一些畫顯示了她與多個(gè)情人在一起，有男有女。另一些人把她描繪成一個(gè)大雕，一個(gè)臭名昭著的令人討厭的神話野獸，一半是猛禽，一半是女人。這種誹謗達(dá)到了政治目的。推翻君主制的革命者們想在砍下前女王的頭之前敗壞她的名聲。
She was a victim of something ancient and nasty that is becoming worryingly common: sexualised disinformation to undercut women in public life. People have always invented rumours about such women. But three things have changed. Digital technology makes it easy to disseminate libel widely and anonymously. “Deepfake” techniques (manipulating images and video using artificial intelligence) make it cheap and simple to create convincing visual evidence that people have done or said things which they have not. And powerful actors, including governments and ruling parties, have gleefully exploited these new opportunities. A report by researchers at Oxford this year found well-organised disinformation campaigns in 70 countries, up from 48 in 2018 and 28 in 2017.
她是某種古老而骯臟的東西的受害者，這種東西正變得越來越普遍，令人擔(dān)憂：性別化的虛假信息，以削弱女性在公共生活中的地位。人們總是捏造關(guān)于這些女人的謠言。但有三件事發(fā)生了變化。數(shù)字技術(shù)使廣泛和匿名傳播誹謗變得容易。“Deepfake”技術(shù)(使用人工智能操縱圖像和視頻)使得制作令人信服的視覺證據(jù)變得廉價(jià)和簡單，用來證明人們做過或說過他們沒有做過或說過的事情。而包括政府和執(zhí)政黨在內(nèi)的有權(quán)勢的行動(dòng)者則樂喜出望外地利用了這些新機(jī)會(huì)。牛津大學(xué)研究人員今年發(fā)布的一份報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)，70個(gè)國家開展了組織良好的虛假信息宣傳活動(dòng)，高于2018年的48個(gè)國家和2017年的28個(gè)國家。
Consider the case of Rana Ayyub, an Indian journalist who tirelessly reports on corruption, and who wrote a book about the massacre of Muslims in the state of Gujarat when Narendra Modi, now India’s prime minister, was in charge there. For years, critics muttered that she was unpatriotic (because she is a Muslim who criticises the ruling party) and a prostitute (because she is a woman). In April 2018 the abuse intensified. A deepfake sex video, which grafted her face over that of another woman, was published and went viral. Digital mobs threatened to rape or kill her. She was “doxxed”: someone published her home address and phone number online. It is hard to prove who was behind this campaign of intimidation, but its purpose is obvious: to silence her, and any other woman thinking of criticising the mighty.
以印度記者拉娜•阿尤布為例，她不知疲倦地報(bào)道腐敗，還寫了一本關(guān)于納倫德拉•莫迪擔(dān)任古吉拉特邦總理期間發(fā)生的穆斯林大屠殺的書。多年來，批評者一直抱怨她不愛國(因?yàn)樗桥u執(zhí)政黨的穆斯林)，還說她是妓女(因?yàn)樗桥?。2018年4月，辱罵加劇。一段利用換臉神器deepfake制作的性愛視頻將她的臉移植到另一名女性的臉上，并在網(wǎng)上瘋傳。數(shù)字暴民威脅要強(qiáng)奸或殺害她。她被人肉搜索：有人在網(wǎng)上公布了她的家庭住址和電話號碼。很難證明這場恐嚇運(yùn)動(dòng)的幕后黑手是誰，但其目的顯而易見：讓她和其他任何想要批評當(dāng)權(quán)者的女性保持沉默。
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