長篇閱讀題型介紹

自2013年12月起，原快速閱讀調整為長篇閱讀。篇章后附有10個句子，每句一題。每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出與每句所含信息相匹配的段落。有的段落可能對應兩題，有的段落則可能不對應任何一題。
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet

閱讀分項講解——真題解析
“三劍合一大法來了”

1.解題技巧：要不要通篇精讀？
不要。這個題型的前身就是快速閱讀(2013年12月以前的舊題型)，閱讀量巨大但作答時間只有15分鐘。等你一字一句讀完，再看10道題，然后再回到文章中逐一鎖定答案，等你做完了，別人常規閱讀第一篇都做完了。所以，一定要提醒自己，沒有時間通篇精讀。
2.解題技巧：應該精讀哪些地方？
試題特點決定我們必須精讀兩處：
第一，10個問題(題干)，必須理解得很透徹;
第二，根據題干關鍵字定位到原文的地方，必須仔細閱讀。因為“消化”了鎖定的句子，基本就可以確定答案了(或者排除答案)，本段其余部分就可以略讀甚至不讀了。
因此，做這個題型時，不要通篇精讀，只需要局部精讀。

解題三大步驟

第一步：認真吃透題干，并找出題目涉及的主要信息以及關鍵詞
第二步：回文定位，按順序略讀原文。根據題干中的關鍵詞，迅速在文章中找出與題干信息相關的內容。
第三步：分析定位點(句)。一旦發現與題干關鍵字“有交集”的內容，立即在段落中畫出，然后綜合題干信息判斷其是否為對應段落。

真題練手+名師講解

2014年6月試題
I Cry, Therefore I Am
我哭故我在

解題步驟 1

十個題干按方法劃出關鍵詞：
1.主語，賓語
2.數字，人名，地名
3.賓語從句，重點信息向后轉移
4.每段句首句尾務必詳細閱讀
誰，干嘛了，怎么樣？

十個題干：

46. Nowadays people respect the privacy of grief more than in the past.
如今，人們比以往更加尊重哀傷的隱私。
47. Infants cry to attract attention for survival.
嬰兒通過哭泣來吸引生存所需的關注。
48. There is no scientific evidence as yet that animals can shed tears from emotion.
還沒有科學證據能夠表明動物可以流下飽含感情的淚水。
49. Tears can perform certain communicative functions which words cannot.
淚水能夠完成某些語言所無法完成的交際功能。
50. Our ability to experience sympathy is essential to the development of civilization.
我們體驗同情的能力對文明的發展至關重要。
51. People are more inclined to cry when suffering minor forms of depression.
人們遭受小挫折時，更容易哭泣。
52. Sometimes people cannot cry despite genuine grief.
有時，雖然十分傷心，人們卻哭不出來。
53. In humans' long history, tears have developed an essential role in social relationships.
在人類歷史的長河中，
淚水已經發展成為社會關系中必不可少的角色。
54. Men are less likely to give reasons for their tears.
男性不太愿意解釋他們哭泣的原因。
55. Crying has long been associated with art.
長久以來，哭泣都與藝術有所關聯。

解題步驟 2

第二步：回文定位，按順序略讀原文。根據題干中的關鍵詞，迅速在文章中找出與題干信息相關的內容。
A) In 2008, at a German zoo, a gorilla (大猩猩) named Gana gave birth to a male infant, who died after three months. Photographs of Gana, looking stricken and inconsolable (傷心欲絕的), attracted crowds to the zoo. Sad as the scene was, the humans, not Gana, were the only ones crying. The notion that animals can weep has no scientific basis. Years of observations by biologists Dian Fossey, who observed gorillas, and Jane Goodall, who worked with chimpanzees （黑猩猩）, could not prove that animals cry tears from emotion.
A）2008年，在德國的一個動物園，一只名為加納的大猩猩生下了一只雄性小猩猩。三個月后，小猩猩夭折了。加納遭受打擊、傷心欲絕的照片吸引了很多人到動物園來。盡管場面十分傷感，但加納并沒有哭，哭泣的只有人類。（48） 動物能夠哭泣的觀點沒有任何科學依據。生物學家迪安·弗塞多年對大猩猩的觀察和簡·古道爾對黑猩猩的長期研究都無法證明動物能夠流下飽含感情的淚水。
【思路】立即發現紅體字部分對應題干48多個關鍵詞：
There is no scientific evidence as yet that animals can shed tears from emotion.
還沒有科學證據能夠表明動物可以流下飽含感情的淚水。
B) It's true that many animals shed tears, especially in response to pain. Tears protect the eye by keeping it moist. But crying as an expression of feeling is unique to humans and has played an essential role in human evolution and the development of human cultures.
B）的確，很多動物都會流淚，尤其是感到疼痛時。淚水可以保持眼部滋潤，以保護眼睛。但是，將哭泣作為表達情感的方式是人類獨有的，它在人類進化和人類文化發展方面起著至關重要的作用。
【思路】此段略讀大意，發現并沒有十個題干中的任何對應信息，繼續往下讀。
C) Within two days an infant can imitate sad and happy faces. If an infant does not cry out, it is unlikely to get the attention it needs to survive. Around 3-4 months, the relationship between the human infant and its environment takes on a more organized communicative role, and tearful crying begins to serve interpersonal purposes: the search for comfort and pacification (撫慰). As we get older, crying becomes a tool of social interaction: grief and joy, shame and pride, fear and manipulation.
C）出生兩天之內的嬰兒就能模仿悲傷和快樂的面部表情。（47） 如果嬰兒不能放聲大哭，它就很有可能得不到生存所必需的關注。大約3到4個月大的時候，人類嬰兒和環境之間呈現出更有組織的互動，而飽含淚水的哭泣開始起到交際的作用：尋求舒適和撫慰。隨著年齡的增長，哭泣成為社會交往的工具：表達悲傷和喜悅、羞恥和驕傲、恐懼和操控。
【思路】立即發現紅字體部分對應了題干47多個關鍵詞：
Infants cry to attract attention for survival.
嬰兒通過哭泣來吸引生存所需的關注。
同時判斷，本段已出現一道選題，余下內容可不讀，直接跳入下一段。
D) Tears are as universal as laughter, and grief is more complex than joy. But although we all cry, we do so in different ways. Women cry more frequently and intensely than men, especially when exposed to emotional events. Like crying, depression is, around the world, more commonly seen in women than in men. One explanation might be that women, who despite decades of social advances still suffer from economic inequality, discrimination (歧視) and even violence, might have more to cry about.
D）眼淚和笑聲一樣普遍，而悲傷比快樂更加復雜。不過，雖然我們都會哭泣，但我們哭泣的方式卻各不相同。女性比男性哭泣的頻率更高，也更加強烈，尤其是碰到感情問題的時候。與哭泣一樣，在全世界范圍內，抑郁癥在女性人群中比在男性人群中更常見。其中一種解釋可能是，雖然在過去幾十年中，女性的社會地位有了很大提高，但她們仍然遭受著經濟不平等、歧視甚至暴力，這可能使得女性更有理由哭泣。
Men not only cry for shorter periods than women, but they also are less inclined to explain their tears, usually shed them more quietly, and tend more frequently to apologize when they cry openly. Men, like women, report crying at the death of a loved one and in response to a moving religious experience. They are more likely than women to cry when their core identities—as providers and protectors, as fathers and fighters—are questioned.
（54）男性不僅哭泣的時間比女性短，也更不愿意解釋自己哭泣的原因，他們通常都是默默地流淚，而且在公開場合哭泣時，表達歉意的頻率也更高。與女性一樣，男性也表示會在心愛的人去世時或是感人的宗教事件中哭泣。與女性相比，男性更有可能在自己的核心身份——作為家庭支柱和保護者以及作為父親和戰士——受到質疑時哭泣。
【思路】紅字體部分對應54題關鍵詞：
54. Men are less likely to give reasons for their tears.
男性不太愿意解釋他們哭泣的原因。
E) People who score on personality tests as more sympathetic cry more than those who are more rigid or have more self control. Frequency of crying varies widely: some shed tears at any novel or movie, others only a handful of times in their lives. Crying in response to stress and conflict in the home, or after emotional trauma (創傷), lasts much longer than tears induced by everyday sadness—which in turn last longer than tears of delight and joy.
E）在性格測試中顯得比較有同情心的人比那些比較堅強或是比較有自控能力的人更加愛哭。哭泣的頻率也有很大差別：有些人看什么小說或電影都會哭，而其他人一生當中哭泣的次數十分有限。家庭中的壓力和沖突或是情感創傷所引起的哭泣比日常的傷心事所造成的哭泣持續的時間要長得多——相應地，它比喜悅和快樂所引起的哭泣持續的時間要長。
【思路】略讀此段，發現并無題干對應關鍵詞，于是跳過，繼續往下閱讀。
F) Sadness is our primary association with crying, but the fact is that people report feeling happier after crying. Surveys estimate that 85% of women and 73% of men report feeling better after shedding tears. Surprisingly, crying is more commonly associated with minor forms of depression than with major depression involving suicidal thoughts.
F）一提到哭泣，我們首先聯想到的是悲傷，但事實是，人們說哭泣過后他們感到更快樂。據調查，預估有85％的女性和73％的男性稱流過淚后感覺好多了。（51）出人意料的是，比起會產生自殺想法的嚴重抑郁，哭泣通常與一些小挫折的關聯更大。
【思路】紅字體部分對應51題關鍵詞：
51. People are more inclined to cry when suffering minor forms of depression.
人們遭受小挫折時，更容易哭泣。
G) People widely report that crying relieves tension, restores emotional balance and provides "catharsis," a washing out of bad feelings. The term "catharsis" has religious implications of removing evil and sin; it's no surprise that religious ceremonies are, around the world, one of the main settings for the release of tears.
G）人們普遍聲稱，哭泣可以緩解緊張，平衡情緒，并提供“宣泄”，即將不良情緒發泄出來。“宣泄”一詞有消除邪惡和罪惡的宗教含義；世界各地的宗教儀式是釋放淚水的主要場合之一也就毫不奇怪了。
【思路】略讀此段，發現并無題干對應關鍵詞，于是跳過，繼續往下閱讀。
H) Crying is a nearly universal sign of grief, though some mourners report that, despite genuine sorrow, they cannot shed tears—sometimes even for years after their loved one has gone. Unlike today, when the privacy of grief is more respected, the public or ceremonial shedding of tears, at the graveside of a spouse or the funeral of a king or queen, was once considered socially or even politically essential.
H）（52）幾乎在任何地方，哭泣都是悲傷的表現。但是，也有哀悼者說，雖然他們真的十分傷心，卻怎么也哭不出來——有時甚至在心愛的人去世多年以后依然如此。（46）不像對哀傷的隱私更加尊重的今天，過去在公共場合或某些儀式上流下淚水、在配偶的墓前或是國王或王后的葬禮上痛哭，曾經被認為具有重要的社會意義甚至政治意義。
【思路】立即發現紅字體部分對應了題干52多個關鍵詞：
52. Sometimes people cannot cry despite genuine grief.
有時，雖然十分傷心，人們卻哭不出來。
同時繼續閱讀，發現還有對應題干關鍵詞部分，即46題：
46. Nowadays people respect the privacy of grief more than in the past.
如今，人們比以往更加尊重哀傷的隱私。
I) Crying has also served other social purposes. Rousseau wrote in his Confessions that while he considered tears the most powerful expression of love, he also just liked to cry over nothing.
I）哭泣還有其他的社會功能。盧梭在他的《懺悔錄》中寫道，雖然他認為淚水是表達愛最有力的方式，但他也很喜歡毫無理由的哭泣。
【思路】略讀此段，發現并無題干對應關鍵詞，于是跳過，繼續往下閱讀。
J) The association of tears with art has ancient roots. The classic Greek tragedies of the fifth century B.C. were primarily celebrations of gods. Tragedies, like poetry and music, were staged religious events. Even then it was recognized that crying in response to drama brought pleasure.
J）（55）淚水與藝術之間的關聯有很深的根源。公元前五世紀的經典的希臘悲劇主要是對神的頌揚。與詩歌和音樂一樣，悲劇也在演繹宗教事件。即使在當時，人們也已經認識到戲劇所帶來的哭泣會讓人感到愉悅。
【思路】立即發現紅字體部分對應了題干55多個關鍵詞：
55. Crying has long been associated with art.
長久以來，哭泣都與藝術有所關聯。
K) I have argued that there are neurobiological (神經生物方面的) associations linking the arts and mood disorders. When I lecture on crying, I ask my audience to let me know, by a show of hands, which art forms most move them to tears. About 80% say music, followed closely by novels (74%), but then the figures fall sharply, to 43%, for poetry, and 10-22% for paintings, sculpture and architecture.
K） 我一直認為是神經生物方面的聯系關聯著藝術和情緒紊亂。我在進行關于哭泣的講座時，曾請聽眾通過舉手的方式告訴我哪一種藝術形式最能讓他們感動得流淚。大約80％的人說是音樂，緊隨其后的是小說（74％），但其他藝術形式的比例大幅下滑，詩歌為43％，而繪畫、雕塑和建筑則在10%至22％之間。
【思路】略讀此段，發現并無題干對應關鍵詞，于是跳過，繼續往下閱讀。
L) The physical act of crying is mainly one of breathing in air, which is why we choke up when we weep. This suggests to language scientists that emotional crying evolved before language, perhaps explaining why tears communicate states of mind and feelings that are often so difficult to express in words. Of course, from an evolutionary perspective, recognition of emotion (usually through facial gesture) was essential for survival.
L）哭泣時，身體上最主要的行為就是吸氣，這也是為什么我們哭泣時會哽咽。（49）這使得語言科學家們認為，充滿感情的哭泣在語言之前得到進化，這也許可以解釋為什么當語言難以表達時，淚水卻往往可以溝通思想狀態和感受。當然，從進化的角度來看，識別情緒（通常通過面部表情）是生存所必需的。
【思路】立即發現紅字體部分對應了題干49多個關鍵詞：
49. Tears can perform certain communicative functions which words cannot.
淚水能夠完成某些語言所無法完成的交際功能。
M) The earliest humans arrived several million years ago, but only 150,000 to 200,000 years ago, did cultures, language, religion and the arts arise. Along the way, tears became more than a biological necessity to lubricate (潤滑) the eye and developed into a sign of intense emotion and a signal of social bonding. The development of self-consciousness and the notion of individual identity, or ego; storytelling about the origins of the world, the creation of humanity and life after death; and the ability to feel others' sadness—all were critical parts of the neurobiological changes that made us human.
M）（53）早在幾百萬年前，人類就已經存在，而直到15萬至20萬年前，才出現了文化、語言、宗教和藝術。在此期間，淚水已遠遠不僅是潤滑眼睛的生理需要，而已經發展成為強烈感情的標志和社會關系的信號。自我意識的發展和個人身份或自我概念的形成；關于世界起源的傳說、人性的創造和死亡后的生命；以及感受他人憂傷的能力——所有這一切都是使我們成為人類的神經生物方面的變化的至關重要的組成部分。
【思路】立即發現紅字體部分對應了題干53多個關鍵詞：
53. In humans' long history, tears have developed an essential role in social relationships.
在人類歷史的長河中，淚水已經發展成為社會關系中必不可少的角色。
N) More recently, we've learned from neuroscience that certain brain circuits (回路) are activated (激活), rapidly and unconsciously, when we see another in emotional distress. In short, our brain evolved circuits to allow us to experience sympathy, which in turn made civilization, and an ethics based on sympathy, possible. So the next time you reach a tissue box, or sob on a friend's shoulder, or shed tears at the movies, stop and reflect on why we cry and what it means to cry. Because ultimately, while we love to cry, we also cry to love.
N）最近，我們已經從神經科學領域獲知，當我們看到別人情緒低落時，不知不覺中，大腦中的某些回路會被快速激活。（50）總之，我們的大腦中已經進化出了讓我們體驗到同情的回路，反過來使文明和基于同情的倫理成為可能。因此，下一次你伸手從紙巾盒中取出抽紙、或是在朋友的肩膀上抽泣、又或者看電影流淚時，停下來反思一下我們為什么哭，而哭泣又意味著什么。因為最終，我們不僅是因為本能愛哭愛流淚，更是為了學習同理心之愛而流淚。
【思路】立即發現紅字體部分對應了題干50多個關鍵詞：
50. Our ability to experience sympathy is essential to the development of civilization.
我們體驗同情的能力對文明的發展至關重要。