指示代詞
表示“這個(gè)”、“那個(gè)”、“這些”、“那些”等指示概念的代詞叫做指示代詞。指示代詞有:this這個(gè),that那個(gè),these這些,those那些,it那個(gè),這個(gè),such如此的,如此的事物,same同樣的,同樣的事物。指示代詞this,these,that,those在句中的用法相當(dāng)于名詞和形容詞,可用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。例句:
This is a plane.
這是一架飛機(jī)。(作主語(yǔ))
Oh, it's not that.
噢,問(wèn)題不在那兒。(作表語(yǔ))
How do you like these?
你喜歡這些嗎? (作賓語(yǔ))
This book is about Chinese traditional medicine.
這是一本關(guān)于中醫(yī)的書(shū)。(作定語(yǔ))
指示代詞this, these, that, those的其它用法
1) This (these)常用來(lái)指在時(shí)間或空間上較近的事物,that (those)則常用來(lái)指時(shí)間或空間上較遠(yuǎn)的事物。
This is a sickle and that is an axe.
這是一把鐮刀,那是一把斧子。
These days are cold.
這些天很冷。
In those days the poor people had a hard time.
在那些日子里,窮人生活很苦。
2)有時(shí)that和those指前面講到過(guò)的事物,(承上)this和these則指下面將要講到的事物。(啟下)
I had a bad cold. That's why I didn't come.
我傷風(fēng)很厲害,所以我沒(méi)有來(lái)。
Those two statements are not true.
(之前)那兩種說(shuō)法是不真實(shí)的。
What I want to say is this: Pronunciation is very important in learning English.
我所要說(shuō)的是:語(yǔ)音在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中非常重要。
3)有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)提到過(guò)的名詞,常可用that或those代替。
The climate of Shenyang is just as good as that of Beijing.
沈陽(yáng)的氣候跟北京的一樣好。(that代替climate)
The county's grain output of 1981 was double that of 1970.
這個(gè)縣1981年的糧食產(chǎn)量比1970年增加一倍。(that代替grain output)
4)This和that有時(shí)作狀語(yǔ)用,表示“程度”,意謂“這么”和“那么”。
The book is about this thick.
那本書(shū)大約有這么厚。
I don't want that much.
我不要那么多。
不定代詞
英語(yǔ)的不定代詞有all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, (a) few, (a) little, both, enough, every 等,以及由 some, any, no 和 every 構(gòu)成的合成代詞(即somebody, anyone, nothing 等)。指兩者和三者或三者以上的不定代詞:有些不定代詞用于指兩者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代詞用于指三者或三者以上(如all, any, none, every),注意不要弄混
Both of my parents are doctors.
我的父母都是醫(yī)生。
All of the students are interested in it.
所有的學(xué)生對(duì)此都很感興趣。
There are trees on each/every side of the square.
廣場(chǎng)的每一邊都種有樹(shù)。
He has two sons, neither of whom is rich.
他有兩個(gè)兒子,都不富有。
He has three sons, none of whom is rich.
他有三個(gè)兒子,都不富有。
復(fù)合不定代詞的用法特點(diǎn)
復(fù)合不定代詞包括something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等。它們?cè)诰渲锌捎米髦髡Z(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),但不能用作定語(yǔ)。something, someone 等和 anything, anyone等的區(qū)別與 some 和 any 的區(qū)別一樣,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句或條件句(參見(jiàn) any & some)。具體使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1. 復(fù)合不定代詞受定語(yǔ)修飾時(shí),定語(yǔ)應(yīng)放在它們后面:
There is nothing wrong with the radio.
這收音機(jī)沒(méi)有毛病。
Have you seen anyone anybody famous?
你見(jiàn)過(guò)名人嗎?
2. 指人的復(fù)合不定代詞若用作主語(yǔ),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù),相應(yīng)的人稱代詞和物主代詞也用單數(shù) he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文體中常用復(fù)數(shù)代詞 they, them, their:
Everyone knows this, doesn't he [don't they]?
人人都知道這一點(diǎn),不是嗎?
If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait.
要是有人來(lái),讓他等著。
3. 指事物的復(fù)合不定代詞若用作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能用單數(shù),相應(yīng)的人稱代詞也只能用 it,而不用 they:
Everything is ready, isn't it?
一切都準(zhǔn)備好了,是嗎?
4. anyone, everyone 等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短語(yǔ)。若是指物或后接 of 短語(yǔ),可用 any one, every one (分開(kāi)寫):
any one of the boys (books) 孩子們(書(shū))當(dāng)中的任何一個(gè)(本)
every one of the students (schools) 每一個(gè)學(xué)生(一所學(xué)校)