現在分詞的語法作用
現在分詞一方面具有動詞的性質,另一方面也相當于一個名詞或形容詞、副詞,在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語等。
1)現在分詞(短語)作主語:
Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job.
產卵是蟻后的專職工作。
Saying is easier than doing.
說比做容易。
注意:在 There is no 結構中,通常用現在分詞。
There is no joking about such matters.
這種事開不得玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history.
歷史車輪不可阻擋。
2)現在分詞(短語)作表語:
The problem is quite puzzling.
這個問題很令人困惑。
3)現在分詞作賓語:
現在分詞作動詞賓語。如:
I suggest doing it in a different way.
我建議用另一種方法做這件事。
We enjoy attending Miss Li's class.
我們喜歡聽李老師的課。
現在分詞作介詞賓語,經常用在一些短語的后面。如:
I'm against inviting him to dinner.
我反對邀請他來吃飯。
They don't feel like walking that much.
他們不喜歡走那么多路。
He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter.
他去了倫敦,希望能成為一個著名的畫家。
此類短語還有很多,如:look forward to(渴望,盼望), be proud of (以……自豪), be responsible for(對……負責), insist on(堅持), think of(考慮,想到), dream of(夢想), object to(反對,抗議), hear of(聽說), prevent...from(防止,阻止), keep...from(防止,阻止), stop...from(防止,阻止), be engaged in(從事于), depend on(依靠,依賴), thank...for(因……而道謝), excuse...for(因……而道歉), aim at(目的在于), devote...to(獻身于), set about(著手做), be/get used to(習慣于), be fond of(喜歡), be afraid of(害怕), be tired of(對……厭煩), succeed in(成功地做……), be interested in(對……感興趣), be ashamed of(對……感到羞愧)等。
注意:在有些句子中,介詞常可省去。
I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners.
我在和外國人交談方面沒有什么困難。
He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games.
他過去常花很多時間玩游戲。
What can prevent us (from) getting married?
有什么能阻止我們結婚?
4)現在分詞作定語:
① 單個的分詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞的前面。
reading room 閱覽室
swimming pool 游泳池
dining car 餐車
sleeping car 臥車
singing competition 歌詠比賽
waiting room 候車室
a waiting car 一輛等待著的車
a sleeping child 一個酣睡的孩子
flying fish 飛魚
the exciting news 令人振奮的消息
a boring speech 令人乏味的演出
②現在分詞短語作定語應放在被修飾詞的后面,也相當于一個定語從句。
Who is the man standing by the door?
站在門邊的男人是誰?
They lived in a house facing south.
他們住在一所朝南的房子里。
5)現在分詞作狀語:現在分詞作狀語可以表示時間、原因、結果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
現在分詞短語作時間狀語,相當于一個時間狀語從句,有時可由連詞when, while引出。如:
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.
他一邊看書,一邊不時地點頭。
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.
看到那些畫,他想起了她的童年。
現在分詞短語作原因狀語,相當于一個原因狀語從句。如:
Not knowing his address, I can't send this book to him.
因為不知道他的地址,我不能把這本書送給他。
Many of us, being so excited, couldn't go to sleep that night.
因為非常激動,那晚我們許多人都沒睡著。
現在分詞短語作結果狀語。注意:主謂賓+逗號+現在分詞=表結果
His father died, leaving him a lot of money.
他父親死了,留給他許多錢。
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
她非常生氣,把玩具扔在地上,把它摔成了碎片。
現在分詞作伴隨狀語,可以放在句子的前面、后面或中間,表示主語的另一個、較次要的動作。如:
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.
他們在那兒站了半小時,觀察著天上的星星。
Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.
年輕人跟在老人的后面開始慢慢地走起來。
現在分詞間或也可作條件狀語和讓步狀語,相當于一個狀語從句。如:
注意:下面例句如果沒有will,現在分詞則作后置定語。
A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.
一個人如站在大山的腳下會發現自己很渺小。(現在分詞作條件狀語)
A person standing at the foot of a high mountain find himself very small.(后置定語修飾person)
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.(現在分詞作讓步狀語)
盡管知道了一切情況,他們還是要我賠償損失。
“with/without+名詞普通格或代詞賓格+現在分詞”結構在句中作狀語,表示伴隨情況或時間、原因等。如:
His hair became grey with the years passing.
隨著時間的推移,他的頭發變花白了。
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.
沒人注意,他從窗戶溜了出去。
6)現在分詞作補語:
現在分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find 等動詞后面和一個名詞或代詞構成一個復合賓語,作賓語補語。如:
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
我下車的時候注意到一個男人匆匆忙忙地從銀行里跑出來。
Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.
昨晚,店主在商店里抓到一個小孩在偷東西。