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It didn't work very well on the schizophrenics,
在治療精神分裂癥上，電擊療法效果不是很好，
but it was pretty clear in the '30s and by the middle of the '40s
但是在30年代和40年代中期，很明顯
that electroconvulsive therapy was very, very effective in the treatment of depression.
電擊治療對于治療憂郁癥非常非常有效。
And of course, in those days, there were no antidepressant drugs, and it became very, very popular.
當然，在那個時候，沒有抗抑郁的藥，電擊療法就非常普遍。
They would anesthetize people,
醫(yī)生會麻醉患者，
convulse them, but the real difficulty was that there was no way to paralyze muscles.
電擊使他們抽搐，但是真正的困難是，沒辦法抑制肌肉抽搐
So people would have a real grand mal seizure.
結(jié)果患者會有癲癇大發(fā)作。
Bones were broken. Especially in old, fragile people, you couldn't use it.
骨頭斷裂-特別是老年人，骨質(zhì)脆弱的人，不能使用這個療法。
And then in the 1950s, late 1950s, the so-called muscle relaxants were developed by pharmacologists,
后來，到了50年代后期，有了肌肉弛緩藥，藥理學(xué)家發(fā)明的，
and it got so that you could induce a complete convulsion,
這樣就可以施予完整的電擊誘發(fā)抽搐過程，
an electroencephalographic convulsion -- you could see it on the brain waves
腦電圖癲癇—你可以從腦波看出來
without causing any convulsion in the body except a little bit of twitching of the toes.
不會引發(fā)身體的抽搐，除了一點點的腳趾抽動。
So again, it was very, very popular and very, very useful.
所以電擊療法變得非常非常普遍和有效。
Well, you know, in the middle '60s, the first antidepressants came out. Tofranil was the first.
到了60年代中期，第一代抗抑郁藥鹽酸丙咪嗪產(chǎn)生了。
In the late '70s, early '80s, there were others, and they were very effective.
至70年代末，80年代初期，又有了其他一些藥，這些藥都很有效。
And patients' rights groups seemed to get very upset about the kinds of things that they would witness.
當時電擊治療患者的權(quán)益團體非常不滿，抗議他們目睹的一些電擊治療方式。
And so the whole idea of electroconvulsive, electroshock therapy disappeared,
所以電休克和電擊療法消失了
but has had a renaissance in the last 10 years.
但是過去的10年里，又復(fù)蘇了。
And the reason that it has had a renaissance
它復(fù)興的原因是，
is that probably about 10 percent of the people, severe depressives,
大約10%的人，重度抑郁癥患者，
do not respond, regardless of what is done for them.
對什么治療都沒有反應(yīng)。
Now, why am I telling you this story at this meeting?
我為什么要給你們講這些？
I'm telling you this story, because actually ever since
我講這個故事，是因為
Richard called me and asked me to talk about as he asked all of his speakers
理查給我打電話讓我談這個，就像他對其他演講者一樣
to talk about something that would be new to this audience,
談一些對觀眾來說是很新鮮的話題，
that we had never talked about, never written about,
一個從未談過和寫過的話題。
I've been planning this moment.
我一直在期待這個時刻。
This reason really is that I am a man who, almost 30 years ago,
真正的原因是大約30年前
had his life saved by two long courses of electroshock therapy.
2個長療程的電擊療法挽救了我的生命。
And let me tell you this story.
讓我給你們講講這個故事。
