評論
打印
The conjugal family as a social institution
夫婦組建的小家庭作為一個社會單位
was a creation of individual or small clusters of kinsmen
由此使得單獨一群或小部分群體的男性親屬
devising their functional social worlds on the basis of multiple relationships
把實際的社交活動按照不同的關系基礎劃分
Ties of lineage certainly counted
家族關系當然是其一
But it was also vital to consolidate marital connections
但加強婚姻紐帶
For one's family but also for the benefits of close relatives
不但對自身家庭，對近親的利益也很重要
As the golden book illustrates
這正如金皮書所說
And at the center of this interwoven lineage and marriage connections
而位于這互相交織的家族和婚姻紐帶中心
actually the knot that tied the network together was the marital household
真正把這關系網連結在一起的是一對夫婦組織的家庭
The individual cazza that centered around the union of a woman and a man
是一個單獨的宗族，并以男女的結合為中心
I'll devote the rest of this talk to exploring exactly who it was
接下來的部分我將繼續探究究竟
who made the Venetian domestic cazza
是哪一方塑造了威尼斯人的家庭
The household came into being with one precise event a carefully planned wedding
這個家庭始于一個明確的事件，即精心籌備的婚禮
And ended with another equally carefully contemplated by people writing their wills
止于另一事件，以同樣也是仔細思考過的遺囑為標志的
The story of a domestic cazza is really the narrative of a marriage and its epilog
關于這些小家庭的故事，確實是一部關于婚姻及其收場的敘事文
So I'll concentrate on what happened
所以我將集中關注
when a woman and a man from two patrician families created a new conjugal family
來自兩個貴族家族的男女怎樣組織小家庭
And began the narrative of their marriage
開始他們的婚姻故事
And the new family that they made together
以及開始一個兩人組合而成的新家庭
Unlike those male identified cazzate and the lineages into which they were divided
不同于以男性為權威的宗族和細分而成的家族
marriages were quintessentially bilinear
婚姻是典型的雙系別
uniting most often spouses from two different cazzate and two lineages in one new cazza
很多情況下聯結著來自不同宗族，不同家族的男女組成的新家庭
That kept alive the memory of both uniting families also unlike those patrilineal structures
這其中存有兩個家庭的回憶也不像父系結構
The marriages of Venetian nobles were not only bilinear but doubly gendered
威尼斯貴族的婚姻不僅是雙系別的，也是雙重性別的
Not just in the obvious sense of uniting a woman and a man
其意義不僅在于男女的結合
But in the role complicating interaction of women and men at every stage in the process
而是男女之間復雜的關系在整個過程中的每個階段的作用
Starting with the beginning the negotiating of the contract not surprisingly in this society
從最初籌辦婚事開始，這個社會的共識是
Men were expected to orchestrate the family's marriage making
男人應擔負起籌辦婚事的角色
And sure enough the majority of contracts were negotiated by men
結果當然是大部分的婚事由男人商定
In a group of 101, 15th century contracts
15世紀一組共101個婚約中
The bride was represented by her father brother or other male relatives just under 80 percent of the time
女方派出父親或兄弟或其他男性親屬80%的情況下是這樣的
Grooms were usually 10 to 15 years older as we've seen
新郎通常都比新娘大10到15歲，這是我們之前提到的
So they tended to represent themselves
這樣雙方更易于表達自己
They did so more than three quarters of the time
大概3/4的情況下如此
But the active participation of women gives nuance to that male preponderance
但女人也積極參與進來，滲透到男人的壟斷地位中
In 42 of those 101 contracts women were among the contracting parties
這101宗婚約中有42宗都有女人參與進來
Sometimes it was the brides themselves
有時是新娘自己
But more often their mothers
但比較多的是她的母親
And occasionally the mothers of the bridegrooms
偶爾是新郎的母親
