評(píng)論
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Physically, Parasaurolophus' horn is useless as a weapon.
從身體構(gòu)造上來(lái)說(shuō)，副櫛龍的角作為武器來(lái)說(shuō)毫無(wú)用途。
It's hollow and fragile, and just 2 millimeters thick.
它空心而脆弱，只有兩毫米厚。
But as a communication device, it's a remarkably effective form of defense,
但是作為一個(gè)通訊設(shè)備，它是個(gè)非常有效的防御工具，
able to send out complex messages warning of danger or distress.
它可以發(fā)出警示危險(xiǎn)或求救的復(fù)雜訊息。
Over more than 1,000 generations, this crest grows longer,
經(jīng)過(guò)一千代的發(fā)展，這種冠會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更長(zhǎng)，
and the sounds it emits grow deeper...low frequencies able to travel long distances.
而且它發(fā)出的聲音會(huì)更低，可以傳播很遠(yuǎn)距離的低頻率。
Highly developed communication skills become a significant evolutionary advantage.
高度發(fā)展的通訊技術(shù)變成一種進(jìn)化的有利條件。
And soon enough, females only want to mate with a guy with a good set of pipes.
很快，雌性只愿意與長(zhǎng)著一套性能優(yōu)良頭冠的家伙交配。
It's a sound-generating organ.
這是一個(gè)發(fā)聲器官。
It can't help but generate unusual sounds by blowing air through this tube.
沒(méi)什么用，但是通過(guò)吹動(dòng)從管道里的空氣可以產(chǎn)生不尋常的聲音。
And because each species has its own distinct shape, each species would have its own distinct sound.
因?yàn)槊總€(gè)物種都有自己獨(dú)特的形狀，每個(gè)物種也都會(huì)有自己獨(dú)特的聲音。
But just how did evolution create a bony crest able to produce sounds that can travel for kilometers?
但是進(jìn)化是怎樣創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)能產(chǎn)生聲音并傳播數(shù)公里遠(yuǎn)的骨冠呢？
They simply got bigger.
其實(shí)只需要長(zhǎng)得更大。
On the outside, the tubes appear to be only about 90 centimeters long,
從外面看，骨管似乎只有90厘米長(zhǎng)，
but on the inside, chambers loop back and forth creating as much as 2.5 meters of resonance or nature amplification.
但是在內(nèi)部管腔曲折往復(fù)形成了長(zhǎng)達(dá)2.5米的共振腔，或者說(shuō)天然放大器。
Parasaurolophus' general resonant frequency as low as 40 hertz, a sound almost as deep as a foghorn.
副櫛龍的共振頻率一般低達(dá)40赫茲，這種聲音幾乎和霧角一樣低了。
We can know actually model the kind of sound that resonating chamber would make and turns out the deep sound, low frequency sound.
我們可以模擬出共振腔所發(fā)出的聲音然后制造出低音，低頻的聲音。
Low frequency sound wave can transmit for kilometers, even through dense forest.
低頻聲波可以傳送幾公里，即使是穿過(guò)茂密的森林。
These calls warn of intruders, a significant defensive advantage.
這些叫聲能通知入侵的消息是一個(gè)重要的防御優(yōu)勢(shì)。
And often as dinosaurs evolved over thousands of years,
伴隨著恐龍上千年的進(jìn)化，
their physical advantage just provided more than just one use.
這種生理優(yōu)勢(shì)常常有不止一個(gè)用途。
For a Parasaurolophus, the traits that make survival in a savage world possible very soon become the very same traits that attract a mate.
對(duì)于副櫛龍來(lái)說(shuō)，這種在野蠻世界中存活的特質(zhì)可能很快成為了吸引配偶的完全相同的特質(zhì)。
For a healthy male, a communication device doubles as the perfect tool for wooing the opposite sex.
對(duì)一頭健康的雄性來(lái)說(shuō)，通訊設(shè)備同樣也是吸引異性最完美的工具。
This trombone-like structure growing out of the back of the head was used for making dinosaur music during courtship.
這個(gè)像長(zhǎng)號(hào)一樣的結(jié)構(gòu)長(zhǎng)在頭的后面，是求偶期用來(lái)創(chuàng)造恐龍音樂(lè)的。
The males would be calling during the breeding season, attempting to influence multiple females.
雄性在求偶期將要發(fā)出叫聲，試圖吸引一些雌性。
And the females are calling to challenge the males to prove themselves.
雌性會(huì)回應(yīng)雄性并讓雄性證明它們自己。
'Cause the fundamental fact of courtship is that males lie and females are skeptical,
因?yàn)榍笈计谧罨镜氖聦?shí)就是雄性愛(ài)撒謊和雌性多疑，
so the skeptical females force the male to go through more and more hoops and loops and hoops...to persuade the female to mate.
所以多疑的雌性會(huì)強(qiáng)迫雄性通過(guò)越來(lái)越多的考驗(yàn)，為了說(shuō)服雌性與之交配。
It's called sexual selection.
這叫性選擇。
