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Here I show you two rather blurred 16th century prints
現(xiàn)在我要向你們展示兩個(gè)有些模糊不清的
that shows spinning as
16世紀(jì)的版畫
a virtuous activity for women
其中表明了紡紗是女性的賢惠行為之一
even well-born women
即便是出生高貴的女性也是如此
On the left is Hans Spouden Grien's woodcut
左邊的這個(gè)是漢斯·斯普登·葛莉安
of 1511
創(chuàng)作于1511年的木版畫
on the right showing St. Elizabeth
右邊顯示的是圣·伊麗莎白
spinning with female companions
正在和女伴一起紡紗的畫面
And on the left is
而左邊這個(gè)約創(chuàng)作于1560年的
Luca Bertilli's print of around 1560
盧卡·拜帝力的版畫
showing the ancient Roman matron, Lucretia
展示的是古羅馬的主婦 盧克麗霞
who was considered an exemplar of female chastity and marriage
她被認(rèn)為是女性貞操和婚姻的楷模
She is shown working at her embroidery
她正在繡花
while a widow spins behind her
而她旁邊的那位寡婦正在紡紗
They're presented in a well to do domestic interior
她們正處在富裕家庭的室內(nèi)
with a small child learning to walk in a baby walker to the left
旁邊還有一個(gè)小孩正在學(xué)步車內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)走路
Such scenes indicate the way in which spinning and sewing
這些場(chǎng)景表明紡紗和縫紉
were seen as feminine accomplishments
是體現(xiàn)女性成就的方式
and their accessories as emblems of female virtue
她們所完成的配飾是女性美德的象征
These associations are taken even
這些聯(lián)想在喬治·凡賽爾于1560-1561年間
further in the painted ceilings
在艾拉諾拉·德·美第奇位于佛羅倫薩的
executed in 1560-1 by Georgio Vesare in the apartments of
帕拉佐·德·賽諾利亞的寓所
Elanora de Medici in the Pallazo de Senoria in Florence
所完成的彩繪天花板中得到了更深刻的體現(xiàn)
Vesare described how in one of the rooms
凡賽爾描述了其中一間屋子的彩繪情況
"we painted a large roundel in the middle of the ceiling "
我們?cè)谔旎ò逯醒氲拇髨A盤描繪的是
with the story of Penelope dealing with her domestic business
佩內(nèi)洛普處理家務(wù)
weaving at her loom
在織布機(jī)上織布的場(chǎng)景
while her husband Ulysses
而她的丈夫尤利西斯
is away at the Trojan war"
則遠(yuǎn)在他鄉(xiāng)參加特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)"
Penelope is shown virtuously weaving
圖像所展示的佩內(nèi)洛普
as a chaste and noble activity
將織布作為一種很純潔很高貴的行為
surrounded by her handmaidens sewing and spinning
圍繞在她周圍的是正在縫紉和紡紗的侍女
The painting suggest the intellectual context
這幅畫暗示了一種知識(shí)背景
within which such a mundane object as a spindle whorl
在這種背景下 像錠盤這樣一個(gè)塵世的物品
can be viewed as a love token
可以視為是愛情信物
and be viewed as a woman's status in marriage
同時(shí)被看作是婚姻中女性的地位
I've taken you on a journey, exploring the various ways
我已經(jīng)帶你們探索了在意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期
in which maiolica paintings and painters used the imagery of
馬爵利卡陶上的彩繪
desire and love and the symbols of marriage
和畫師以不同的方式
on their wares during the Italian renaissance
體現(xiàn)欲望 愛情和婚姻象征的畫面
In the case of noble patrons
在貴族主顧的例子中
I've looked at the heraldry of married couples and widows
我已經(jīng)看過(guò)已婚夫婦和寡婦的文章
I've also examined inscriptions
我也查看了看起來(lái)能夠
which appear to link a ceramic
將瓷器和某個(gè)特定的女性聯(lián)系在一起的文字
to a particular woman, for whom it was intended as a gift
這些瓷器是作為贈(zèng)送給相關(guān)女性的禮物
When we move to popular imagery and designed motifs
當(dāng)我們轉(zhuǎn)入比較流行的圖畫和設(shè)計(jì)的主題
we should of course remember that their use
我們當(dāng)然應(yīng)該牢記其用途
may only reflect workshop practice
只能反映作坊工作實(shí)踐
depending on what kinds of visual sources were available
需由擁有視覺來(lái)源的類型來(lái)進(jìn)行判斷
or they could integrate crude marketing instincts
或者它們具有天生的市場(chǎng)直覺性
You only have to go shopping
你們必須和十多歲的小女孩一起購(gòu)物
with a young teenage girl to see that
才能發(fā)現(xiàn)
any accessory decorated with a heart always seems to appeal
用心裝飾的配件通常都很有吸引力
But this imagery can take us a lot further than that in what
但這幅圖畫能夠讓我們了解
it has to tell us about ideals of behavior
比圖畫本身所告訴我們的有關(guān)理想行為
and patterns of social interaction
和社會(huì)互動(dòng)的形式更為深入的內(nèi)容
I've stressed the social function of ceramics throughout my talk
我在講話中強(qiáng)調(diào)了瓷器的社會(huì)功能
and with good reason
并給予了充分的理由
maiolica as a whole bridges the archeology
總的來(lái)說(shuō) 馬爵利卡陶瓷從某種程度上
material culture and art history of renaissance Italy
將意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的考古學(xué) 物質(zhì)文化
to a degree
和藝術(shù)史聯(lián)系在一起
that no other art form can match
這是其他任何一種藝術(shù)形式都無(wú)法匹敵的
Echoes of great painting are everywhere on these ceramics
偉大的繪畫作品的模仿在這些瓷器中無(wú)處不在
but the common inspiration is that of prints
但是其通常的靈感就是這些版畫
through which the work of great painting was often mediated
通往偉大畫作的靈感往往受到阻斷
maiolica therefore gives us a unique insight into what
因此馬爵利卡陶瓷為我們提供了
the renaissance
一個(gè)探索文藝復(fù)興
meant to Italians
對(duì)意大利學(xué)術(shù)和藝術(shù)界精英們
both inside and outside the scholarly artistic elite
意味著什么的獨(dú)特視角
This is what makes it one of the most vivid and characteristic
也正是這個(gè)使其成為意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期
arts of the Italian renaissance
最生動(dòng)最具特色的藝術(shù)之一
Thank you
謝謝大家
