評(píng)論
打印
This list is just for illustration; it is incomplete.
這個(gè)列表僅僅是一個(gè)例子，它是不完整的。
The list on the right is also incomplete.
右邊的列表也一樣不完整。
It's a list of types of pathology that are age-related,
它們只是一種與年齡
and it's just an incomplete list.
有關(guān)的病的列表。
But I would like to claim to you that this list in the middle is actually complete --
但這中間的我主張是完整的列表，
this is the list of types of thing that qualify as damage,
所有代謝副作用有資格被稱為“損害”，
side effects of metabolism that cause pathology in the end,
最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致病理
or that might cause pathology.
或可能造成病理類(lèi)型。
And there are only seven of them.
而這列表只有七個(gè)。
They're categories of things, of course, but there's only seven of them.
當(dāng)然，這七個(gè)是類(lèi)別，但只有七個(gè)。
Cell loss, mutations in chromosomes, mutations in the mitochondria and so on.
細(xì)胞損失，染色體突變，在線粒體基因突變等。
First of all, I'd like to give you an argument for why that list is complete.
首先，我想給你們解釋一個(gè)為什么我認(rèn)為這份列表是完全的。
Of course one can make a biological argument.
當(dāng)然，我們可以使用生物學(xué)的角度來(lái)爭(zhēng)論。
One can say, "OK, what are we made of?"
可以說(shuō)，好，我們是什么做的？
We're made of cells and stuff between cells.
我們是由細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞間的東西。
What can damage accumulate in?
“損害”可以累積在那里？
The answer is: long-lived molecules,
答案是，長(zhǎng)期存在的分子里，
because if a short-lived molecule undergoes damage, but then the molecule is destroyed --
因?yàn)槿绻粋€(gè)短暫壽命的分子遭到破壞，它將會(huì)在壽命完了后被銷(xiāo)毀 –
like by a protein being destroyed by proteolysis -- then the damage is gone, too.
就像蛋白質(zhì)被水解摧毀，累積的損害也一起被銷(xiāo)毀了。
It's got to be long-lived molecules.
所以“損害”累積的地方一定是很長(zhǎng)壽命的分子里。
So, these seven things were all under discussion in gerontology a long time ago
因此，這七個(gè)東西，都是由老年學(xué)士很久以前就討論過(guò)了。
and that is pretty good news, because it means that,
這是相當(dāng)好的消息，因?yàn)檫@意味著，
you know, we've come a long way in biology in these 20 years,
盡管我們?cè)谶@二十年里對(duì)生物學(xué)有著很大的成就，
so the fact that we haven't extended this list
這份列表還只有七樣?xùn)|西是一個(gè)非常好的跡象，
is a pretty good indication that there's no extension to be done.
因?yàn)樗@示它已不可再增加了。
However, it's better than that; we actually know how to fix them all,
這個(gè)消息比你們想象的更好，
in mice, in principle -- and what I mean by in principle is,
因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)谠瓌t上知道如何在老鼠里解決所有這些七樣?xùn)|西，我所謂的原則指的是，
we probably can actually implement these fixes within a decade.
我們或許可以真正實(shí)現(xiàn)在十年內(nèi)這些修復(fù)治療。
Some of them are partially implemented already, the ones at the top.
其中有些部分已經(jīng)落實(shí)了，尤其是在頂部的。
I haven't got time to go through them at all, but
我沒(méi)有時(shí)間一個(gè)一個(gè)的解釋?zhuān)?/div>
my conclusion is that, if we can actually get suitable funding for this,
但我的結(jié)論是，如果我們能夠得到適合的資金，
then we can probably develop robust mouse rejuvenation in only 10 years,
那么我們或許可以在只有十年內(nèi)成功發(fā)展強(qiáng)健的大規(guī)模人類(lèi)再生，
but we do need to get serious about it.
但我們確實(shí)需要認(rèn)真想想它。
We do need to really start trying.
我們需要真正開(kāi)始嘗試。
So of course, there are some biologists in the audience,
對(duì)于觀眾里的生物學(xué)家，
and I want to give some answers to some of the questions that you may have.
你們可能有一些問(wèn)題，我會(huì)回答你們。
You may have been dissatisfied with this talk,
你可能對(duì)這個(gè)講座有些不滿，
but fundamentally you have to go and read this stuff.
但你必須去閱讀這些內(nèi)容，
I've published a great deal on this;
我已經(jīng)刊登了對(duì)老化很多的資料；
I cite the experimental work on which my optimism is based,
而且我就憑著這些研究為基礎(chǔ)對(duì)人類(lèi)老化治療科技持樂(lè)觀態(tài)度，
and there's quite a lot of detail there.
里頭的細(xì)節(jié)還有很多。
The detail is what makes me confident
這些細(xì)節(jié)使我對(duì)我在這里預(yù)測(cè)的
of my rather aggressive time frames that I'm predicting here.
相當(dāng)挑戰(zhàn)性的時(shí)間表更加有信心。
So if you think that I'm wrong,
如果你覺(jué)得我錯(cuò)了，
you'd better damn well go and find out why you think I'm wrong.
我希望你能看了這些資料以及研究報(bào)考后再來(lái)解釋為什么你認(rèn)為我是錯(cuò)的。
And of course the main thing is that you shouldn't trust people
最主要的是你不應(yīng)該相信
who call themselves gerontologists because,
自稱是老年醫(yī)學(xué)的人，
as with any radical departure from previous thinking within a particular field,
因?yàn)樵谌魏晤I(lǐng)域里
you know, you expect people in the mainstream to be a bit resistant
如果有激進(jìn)的思想變化，主流的人一定有點(diǎn)抵抗
and not really to take it seriously.
而且不認(rèn)真的對(duì)待它。
So, you know, you've got to actually do your homework,
所以，你必須真正做好準(zhǔn)備工作，
in order to understand whether this is true.
才能了解這是否屬實(shí)。
And we'll just end with a few things.
我們?cè)诮Y(jié)束前就講講幾件事。
One thing is, you know, you'll be hearing from a guy in the next session
有一件事就是，你將會(huì)在下屆會(huì)議聽(tīng)一個(gè)家伙說(shuō)起以前，
who said some time ago that he could sequence the human genome in half no time,
當(dāng)他說(shuō)他可以測(cè)序人類(lèi)基因組時(shí)，人們是怎么的回答他。
and everyone said, "Well, it's obviously impossible."
每個(gè)人都說(shuō)：“這是不可能的。”
And you know what happened.
可是你也知道，
So, you know, this does happen.
這確實(shí)發(fā)生了。
We have various strategies -- there's the Methuselah Mouse Prize,
我們有不同的策略，有瑪士撒拉獎(jiǎng)，
which is basically an incentive to innovate,
這基本上是一個(gè)鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新，
and to do what you think is going to work,
做你認(rèn)為是可行的，
and you get money for it if you win.
如果成功的話，你就可以贏錢(qián)。
There's a proposal to actually put together an institute.
還有一個(gè)計(jì)劃建議組織一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)，
This is what's going to take a bit of money.
可是這將會(huì)需要點(diǎn)錢(qián)。
But, I mean, look -- how long does it take to spend that on the war in Iraq?
我的意思是，你看我們?cè)谝晾藨?zhàn)爭(zhēng)上耗這么久浪費(fèi)了多少錢(qián)？
Not very long. OK.
不會(huì)再久吧。好吧。
